Yoon-Seong Chang

Evaluation of Physical Properties of Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc.) Lumber Heat-Treated by Superheated Steam

In this study, the method for heat treating wood using superheated steam (SHS) was designed

Combined treatment of green pitch pine wood by heat and superheated steam and the effects on physical properties of the products

Abstract Pitch pine (P. rigida) wood was treated with superheated steam (SHS) and the subsequent effects due to drying and heat treatment (HT) were observed. The following treatment parameters were tested: 180°C air HT, 220°C air HT, 0.1 MPa–180°C SHS HT, 0.1 MPa–220°C SHS HT, 0.5 MPa–180°C SHS HT, and 0.5 MPa–220°C SHS HT. No drying checks were observed in the specimens (500×150×50 mm3) treated at 0.5 MPa–220°C SHS and with these treatment parameters, equilibrium moisture content (EMC) was the lowest. Low EMC has an effect on physical properties such as shrinkage, compressive strength parallel to the grain, bending strength, hardness, and decay resistance. Based on the results, it is expected that the green wood in a large scale is possible to be simultaneously dried and heat-treated without occurrence of checks by the SHS HT process.

Effect of Thermal Compression Treatment on the Surface Hardness, Vertical Density Propile and Thickness Swelling of Eucalyptus Wood Boards by Hot-pressing

Thermal treatment techniques are used for modifying wood and wood-based materials to improve dimen- sional stability and hygroscopicity. This study investigated the effects of press pressure and temperature on density, vertical density profile, thickness swelling and surface hardness of eucalyptus wood boards. The experimental wood boards were prepared from Turkish River Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn.). The surface hardness value increased with increasing press pressure in the treated groups. The application of a higher pressure at the same temperature level increased the amount of swelling of wood. It means that it is not needed for application of higher pressure to enhance the dimensional stability of wood. It is expected that it is possible to produce increased hardness, dimensional stability and durability by appli- cation of hot pressing treatment. This research showed that different press pressure and temperature values should be used to improve the performance properties of eucalyptus wood so that the end-use of the wood materials could be expanded.

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Hygroscopic Performance of Thermally Treated Pinus koraiensis Wood

A high airtightness is required for the residential spaces constructed recently to save cooling and heating energy through improving insulation performance. Because the chances to release steam formed by human activity in building and inflow of water vapor in outdoor air to residential space are reduced, the natural humidity control performance of interior materials has become more important. In this study, hygroscopic performance of thermo-physically treated wood (Pinus koraiensis) was estimated. At various relative humidity condition, the water vapor adsorption and desorption rates of wooden materials were measured as well as equilibrium moisture content. Effects of roughness and surface microstructure as physical factors and functional groups as chemical factors on the hygroscopicity were analyzed. It is expected that the results from this study and further study of measuring moisture generation in residential spaces could contribute to install a system for evaluating the hygrothermal performance of wooden building.

Evaluation of Physico-Mechanical Properties and Durability of Larix kaempferi Wood Heat-Treated by Hot Air

본 연구에서는 국내에서 상업적으로 이용되고 있는 국산 낙엽송 열처리재의 여러 가지 물성(밀도, 평형함수율, 수축률, 흡습/흡수성, 종/횡압축강도, 휨강도, 경도, 내부후성능)을 정량적으로 평가하기 위하여 수행되었다. 고온처리에 의해 목재의 소수성이 증가함에 따라 평형함수율이 감소하였다. 이에 따라 수축률 및 흡습/흡수성이 감소하여 치수안정성이 개선되었고, 낮은 함수율의 영향으로 압축강도가 증가하였으며, 목재 주성분의 변화와 낮은 함수율의 영향으로 내부후성능이 개선되었다. 하지만 열처리에 의해 밀도와 휨강도 및 경도는 감소하였다. 【This study was carried out to evaluate quantitatively some properties (density, equilibrium moisture content, shrinkage, water vapor adsorption, water absorptivity, compressive strength, bending strength, hardness and decay resistance) of Larix kaempferi lumber which was heat-treated by hot air and has been used commercially in Korea. Equilibrium moisture content of the heat-treated wood was decreased with increase of hydrophobicity. Dimensional stability of the wood was improved with decrease of shrinkage, water vapor adsorption and free water absorptivity. Also, with the thermo-chemical changes of wood component and lower equilibrium moisture content, decay resistance and compressive strength of heat-treated wood were increased. But, bending strength and hardness of wood were decreased.】

Development of Moisture Content Prediction Model for Larix kaempferi Sawdust Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy

저장 또는 운송단계에서 목분에 포함된 수분의 부적절한 조절은 생물학적 열화로 인한 품질하락 및 손실을 야기할 수 있기 때문에 목분의 함수율은 정확하게 측정되어야 하고 적절하게 조절되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 근적외선(파장대역: 1000-2400 nm) 분광분석법을 적용하여 낙엽송(Larix kaempferi) 목분의 함수율을 측정하고자 하였다. 각 상대습도(25℃, RH 30∼99%) 단계별로 조습된 목분의 근적외선 반사스펙트럼을 측정하고, 적정 수학적 전처리(smoothing, standard normal variate)와 부분최소자승법을 적용하여 예측모델을 개발하였다. 도출된 함수율 예측모델은 높은 신뢰도를 보였다(R2 = 0.94, RMSEP = 1.544). 본 연구에서 개발된 근적외선 분광분석법을 통하여 비파괴적이면서 정확하고 신속한 목분 함수율의 측정과 효율적인 목재이용을 견인할 수 있으리라 기대된다.

Wood Shrinkage Measurement of Using a Flatbed Scanner

목재 이용의 측면에서 중요한 인자 중 하나인 수축률에 관한 다양한 연구가 수행되고 있다. 버니어 캘리퍼스를 이용하여 치수를 측정할 때, 목재 시편에 작용하는 외력에 의해 왜곡된 치수가 측정될 수 있고, 시편의 양이 많으면 치수측정에 많은 시간이 소요된다. 스캐너를 이용하여 획득한 이미지로 치수를 측정하고, 수축률을 계산하면 외력이 작용하지 않아 치수 측정의 오류를 줄일 수 있고, 한 번의 스캔으로 여러 시편의 이미지를 획득하여 시간을 단축시킬 수있다는 장점이 있다. 스캔 이미지 상에서 목재 시편과 배경 사이의 경계면을 뚜렷하게 구분할 수 있도록 threshold 방법을 적용하여 치수 측정을 용이하게 하였다. 이미지를 이용하여 측정된 목재 시편의 치수는 버니어 캘리퍼스를 이용하여 측정한 값보다 다소 크게 측정되었으며, 버니어 캘리퍼스보다 높은 정밀도로 수축률을 계산하기 위한 스캔 이미지의 최대 픽셀 길이는 0.053 mm/pixel인 것을 확인하였다.

Analysis of residual drying stress in Larix Kaempferi wood used as glulam laminar

본 연구에서 국산 낙엽송재의 공학목재로의 이용가능성, 특히 교호집성재 라미나로서의 이용가능성을 확인하기 위하여 열기건조 중과 건조 후 판재 내 잔류응력을 분석하였다. 연구결과를 통해 이쿼라이징 처리에 의한 함수율 동일화 효과가 증명되었고, 컨디셔닝 처리에 의한 잔류응력의 감소효과가 정량화되었다. 건조 중 목재 내 잔류응력 분석을 위하여 프롱법과 슬라이스법을 실시하였다. 프롱 제작 후 표면경화율을 측정하였고, 슬라이스의 절단 후 탄성변형량을 기준으로 표면으로부터 약 10 mm 깊이까지의 건조응력을 정량적으로 분석하였다. T10-C4와 T12-D5 열기건조 스케줄 적용 시 열기건조 중 판재 표면의 인장응력과 압축응력은 모두 2.2 MPa을 넘지 않음을 확인하였다. 낙엽송의 횡단방향 인장강도와 압축강도가 평균 2.65 MPa, 4.60 MPa인 점을 고려하면, 더욱 강한 건조스케줄 적용이 추천된다. 건조 후처리에 의해 폭굽음과 비틀림을 약 40% 줄일 수 있었다. 【The objective of this study was to analyse the residual stress in Larix kaempferi board during and after kiln-drying. The boards were primarily intended for using as laminar of cross laminated timber (CLT). In this study, the equivalence of moisture content by equalizing treatment was proved and reduction of residual stress by conditioning treatment was quantified. Prong test and slice test were carried out to analyse the residual stress in wood during drying. Transverse casehardening was measured immediately after making prong sample. Residual stress of four parts in wood from surface to center was analyzed quantitatively based on elastic deformation after just cutting slices from board. Tensile stress and compressive stress on the surface of board during drying did not exceed 2.2 MPa when boards were dried by kiln-drying schedule of T10-C4 and T12-D5. Because the tensile strength and compressive strength of transverse direction of Larix kaempferi lumber are 2.65 MPa and 4.60 MPa, application of more severe drying schedule can be recommended. Cup and twist were reduced by about 40% by equalizing and conditioning treatments after drying.】

Classification of the conductance of moisture through wood cell components

This study aimed to clarify the conductance of moisture through wood cell components. Moisture diffusion coefficients were determined from three models (Stamm, Siau, and Kang et al.) and cell wall, pit, and ray dimensions were experimentally observed in a wood specimen. Fractions of moisture diffusing along each path in each of the models were analyzed. As moisture content decreased, the fraction of water diffusing as bound water through cell walls in tangential and longitudinal directions decreased while water vapor diffusion through lumens and pits became more dominant. Diffusion coefficients predicted by each model were compared with experimental values. Although predicted values differed from experimental values, predicted trends for diffusion rate dependence on moisture content were similar to the experimental results. In particular, the models of Stamm and Kang et al., which consider moisture transport through rays and pits, show a very consistent trend for transverse diffusion, which is always faster radially than tangentially. Input of more accurate dimensions of cell walls and cavities into the models should result in more reliable values, closer to the experimentally determined diffusion coefficients.

Improvement of shear strength, wood failure percentage and wet delamination of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels made with superheated steam treated (SHST) layers of larch wood

Abstract Cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels – consisting of several cross-wise stacked layers of glued boards – have a high dimensional stability. However, the outer surfaces of CTL are exposed to environmental humidity changes and thus to swelling and shrinking. To improve CLT’s dimensional stability further, the layers of kiln dried (KD) CLT were substituted partly (on the surfaces) and entirely with superheated steam treated (SHST) wood. The effects of SHST wood and the performance of the one-component polyurethane resin (PUR) were tested by block shear and delamination tests after water soaking. Under various conditions, the shear strength ranged from 1.3 MPa to 4.7 MPa and the wood failure percentage (WFP) from 76% to 92%. The optimal parameter were ascertained as pressing time (30–45 min), pressure (0.98 MPa) and adhesive amount (175–200 g m−2). The water soaked delamination of CLT manufactured with SHST wood was approximately 50% lower than that of CLT made of KD wood.