Yoshihiro Miyake

Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding human kidney D-amino acid oxidase

cDNA clones encoding D‐amino acid oxidase were isolated from a human kidney cDNA library by hybridization with cDNA for the pig enzyme. The cDNA insert of 2.0 kilobase pairs long provided coding information for a protein consisting of 347 amino acids. The molecular mass of the enzyme was calculated to be 39 410 Da. The amino acid sequence similarity between the pig and human enzymes is 84.4%, and among the active site residues proposed from chemical modification studies, methionine‐110 of the pig enzyme was replaced by threonine. Northern blot analysis confirmed the expression of an mRNA of 2.0 kilobases encoding the D‐amino acid oxidase in human kidney.

The reaction mechanism of d-amino acid oxidase: Concerted or not concerted?

Abstract It seems widely accepted that the reductive half reaction of d -amino acid oxidase is initiated by the carbanion which is generated as the result of the α-proton abstraction from the substrate d -amino acid by a protein nucleophile. However, this process is energetically unfavorable even in the enzyme-substrate complex irrespective of how short the lifetime of the carbanion might be. To circumvent this dilemma the authors have put forward an alternative mechanism, according to which the α-proton abstraction by the protein nucleophile is coupled in a concerted manner with the electron transfer from the amino nitrogen of the substrate to the oxidized flavin without intermediary generation of the carbanion as a discrete entity. The present review describes the background and the rationales for the concerted mechanism with specific emphasis on the flavin-substrate (intermediate) chargetransfer interactions.

Anaerobic dehalogenation of halothane by reconstituted liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzyme system☆

Abstract Cytochrome P-450 from liver microsomes of phenobarbital-treated rabbits catalyzed anaerobic dehalogenation of halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) when combined with NADPH and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. Cytochromes P-450B1 and P-448 from liver microsomes of untreated rabbits were less active. Triton X-100 accelerated the reaction. Unlike anaerobic dehalogenation of halothane in microsomes, the major product was 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane and 2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethylene was negligible. These products were not detected under aerobic conditions, and dehalogenation activity was inhibited by carbon monoxide, phenyl isocyanide and metyrapone.

Decrease in the fluidity of brush-border membrane vesicles induced by gentamicin a spin-labeling study

In our previous paper (Horio et al., Biochim Biophys Acta 858: 153-160, 1986), we reported that the addition of gentamicin in vitro to rabbit renal brush-border membrane vesicles decreases the apparent Vmax of Na+-dependent D-glucose transport without affecting the apparent Km. In the present study, we investigated the effects of gentamicin on the physical state of spin-labeled rabbit renal brush-border membranes, using electron spin resonance spectrometry. Brush-border membrane vesicles were prepared from outer cortex (mainly contains early proximal tubule) and outer medulla (containing primarily late proximal tubule), and the gentamicin toxicities in both preparations were compared. Significant decreases were observed in the membrane fluidity of 5 mM gentamicin-treated brush-border membranes. The fluidity of outer cortical brush-border membranes was affected at both 25 degrees and 35 degrees, whereas that of outer medullary membranes was affected only at 35 degrees. Two different stearic acid spin labels revealed that gentamicin affected the fluidity only in the superficial region of the membranes. We also demonstrated that the gentamicin-induced decreases in Na+-dependent D-glucose transport and in the membrane fluidity were recovered by washing gentamicin-treated brush-border membranes. We suggest that gentamicin binds to the superficial region of brush-border membranes and inhibits Na+-dependent D-glucose transport across brush-border membranes through the decrease in the membrane fluidity.

Effect of site-specific mutagenesis of tyrosine-55, methionine-110 and histidine-217 in porcine kidney D-amino acid oxidase on its catalytic function

To assess the contributions of Tyr‐55, Met‐110 and His‐217 in porcine kidney D‐amino acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.3, DAO) to its catalytic function, we constructed three mutant cDNAs coding for the enzymes possessing Phe‐55, Leu‐110 and Leu‐217 by site‐specific mutagenesis. The mutant and wild type cDNAs could be expressed in vitro with similar efficiency. The three mutant enzymes thus synthesized showed catalytic activities comparable to that of the wild type oxidase. It is concluded that Tyr‐55, Met‐110 and His‐217 are not directly involved in the catalytic function.

Biosynthesis of porcine kidney D-amino acid oxidase

The biosynthesis of a porcine kidney peroxisomal enzyme, D-amino acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.3., DAO), was investigated. Pig kidney mRNA as well as free and membrane-bound polysomes were used to investigate in vitro protein synthesis using a rabbit reticulocyte lysate. mRNA and free polysomes, but not membrane-bound polysomes, directed the synthesis of DAO. To examine the in vivo synthesis of the enzyme, a pig kidney cell line (LLC-PK1) was biosynthetically labelled. Both the in vitro and in vivo synthesized DAO had the same molecular weight, 38,000, as that of the purified enzyme. These results indicate strongly that DAO is synthesized on free ribosomes and transferred to the interior of peroxisomes without any proteolytic modification.

Resonance Raman study on the purple intermediates of the flavoenzyme D-amino acid oxidase

Abstract Resonance Raman (RR) spectra excited at 632.8 nm within a charge transfer absorption band were obtained for a catalytic intermediate, the purple complex of D-amino acid oxidase with D-proline or D-alanine as a substrate. The resonance enhanced Raman lines around 1605 and 1360 cm −1 in either of the complexes were suggested to be derived from vibrational modes of reduced flavin molecule. Since the highest energy band at 1692 cm −1 in the RR spectrum with D-alanine was shifted to 1675 cm −1 upon [ 15 N] substitution of alanine and ammonium, this Raman line in the spectrum with D-alanine or the line at 1658 cm −1 with D-proline is assigned to the CN stretching mode of an imino acid corresponding to each amino acid. These results confirm the concept that the purple intermediate of D-amino acid oxidase consists of reduced flavin and an imino acid.

Uptake of radioactive octanoate in astrocytoma cells: Basic studies for application of [11C]octanoate as a PET tracer

Fatty acids are taken up and metabolized in the brain.In vitro uptake experiments on astrocytoma cells were carried out to assess the potential use of [1-11C]octanoate as a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for astroglial functions. Uptake of [1-14C]octanoate increased in a time-dependent fashion until 60 min after application. The uptake of [1-11C]octanoate showed similar results to that of [1-14C]octanoate until 10 min. As for medium pH, [1-14C]octanoate uptake increased gradually with the decrease in pH. We also examined the effects of glutamate, glucose deprivation and hypoxia on the uptake of octanoate and found that these conditions did not bring about any change in the extent of [1-14C]octanoate uptake. These results show that the octanoate uptake was not influenced by any of several pathological conditions. When the number of astrocytes increases in the area of hypoglycemia or hypoxia near a brain lesion, the amount of octanoate uptake also increases, so this indicates the possibility that11C-octanoate will detect a brain lesion.

Resonance Raman study on the flavin in the purple intermediates of D-amino acid oxidase

Resonance Raman (RR) spectra were measured for the purple intermediates of D-amino acid oxidase reconstituted with isotopically labelled FADs, i.e., [4a-13C]-, [4,10a-13C2]-, [2-13C]-, [5-15N]-, and [1,3-15N2]flavin adenine dinucleotides, and compared with those with the native enzyme. The RR lines around 1605 cm-1 with D-alanine or D-proline as a substrate and at 1548 cm-1 with D-alanine undergo isotopic shifts upon [4a-13C]- and [4,10a-13C2]-labelling. These lines are assigned to the vibrational modes associated with C(10a) = C(4a) - C(4) = O moiety of reduced flavin, providing the first assignment of RR lines of reduced flavin and conclusive evidence that reduced flavin is involved in this intermediate.

8-Fluoro-8-demethylriboflavin as a 19F-probe for flavin-protein interaction. A 19F NMR study with egg white riboflavin binding protein

Binding of 8-fluoro-8-demethylriboflavin to riboflavin binding protein was studied 19F-NMR spectroscopically. The pH dependence of 19F chemical shift of this fluoro derivative both free and bound to the protein revealed a shift of pKa associated with N(3)-H to alkali when bound to the protein. 19F chemical shift of the fluoro derivative bound to the protein is in a higher magnetic field than that of the free derivative in the neutral to acidic pH region. These results are interpreted in terms of the environmental changes at the 8- and 3-positions of isoalloxazine, indicating the applicability of this derivative for probing flavin-protein interaction at these positions.