Yoshin Adachi

Lymphatic vessel density in pulmonary adenocarcinoma immunohistochemically evaluated with anti-podoplanin or anti-D2-40 antibody is correlated with lymphatic invasion or lymph node metastases

In lung cancers, lymph node metastasis of cancer cells is one of the most important prognostic factors, and lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI) is very important in the stage preceding lymph node metastases. Recently, it has been reported that lymphatic vessel density (LVD) is associated with lymph node metastasis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between LVD and LVI based on the immunohistochemical expression of podoplanin or D2‐40, which are new specific markers for lymphatic endothelium. Using 76 cases of pulmonary adenocarcinoma, the relationship between LVD and LVI, lymph node metastases, vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF‐C), VEGF‐D or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) expression was investigated. LVD was significantly associated with LVI, lymph node metastases and VEGF‐D expression. LVI was also associated with lymph node metastases, histological subtype, VEGF‐C or VEGF‐D expression. High LVD, induced by VEGF‐C or VEGF‐D expression of cancer cells, is a good indicator of lymphatic metastases and LVI in pulmonary adenocarcinoma.

Smoking affects prognosis after lung cancer surgery.

PurposeTo study the effects of smoking on the postoperative outcome of lung cancer surgery.MethodsThe subjects were 571 patients who underwent surgery for primary lung cancer. The patients were divided into the following groups according to their smoking history: a nonsmoker group (n = 218), a former smoker group (n = 140), and a current smoker group (n = 213).ResultsThe 5-year survival rates were 56.2%, 40.9%, and 34.0% in the nonsmoker, former smoker, and current smoker groups, respectively. These differences were significant. According to a multivariable analysis, smoking was a significant factor affecting the postoperative prognosis of patients undergoing surgery for lung cancer. In analyzing the causes of death, there were more deaths caused by other diseases such as multiple organ cancer, respiratory disorder, cardiovascular disease, and surgery-related events in the former smoker and current smoker groups than in the nonsmoker group.ConclusionsSmoking was significantly predictive of a poor prognosis after lung cancer surgery.

Benign clear (sugar) cell tumor of the lung with CD1a expression.

Reported herein is a case of benign clear cell tumor of the lung in a 60‐year‐old man. Chest X‐ray and CT examination revealed an abnormal nodule with homogenous density and a clear margin in the lower lobe of the left lung. The resected tumor was 13 mm in size, well‐circumscribed and was graysh‐white on cut surface. Histological examination showed a diffuse growth pattern of polygonal tumor cells with indented and pleomorphic nuclei, and clear abundant cytoplasm with a distinct cell border surrounded by thin‐walled vascular spaces and sinusoid‐type vessels. The clear cytoplasm contained numerous glycogen granules as demonstrated by PAS staining. In the present case there was focal immunoreactivity for S‐100 protein, HMB‐45, neuron‐specific enolase, cathepsin B and melan A, which are consistent with reported immunohistochemical staining patterns of benign clear cell tumor. Based on these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as a benign clear cell tumor of the lung. Although most clear cell tumors are considered to belong to the family of neoplasms with perivascular epithelioid cell differentiation (PEComas), histogenesis of benign clear cell tumor of the lung has remained unclear. This first report of CD1a expression in this tumor might provide a new insight into its histogenesis and diagnosis.

Thoracoscopic resection of middle mediastinal noninvasive thymoma: report of a case.

We performed thoracoscopic resection of a middle mediastinal noninvasive thymoma in a 69-year-old woman. Chest computed tomography on admission showed a tumor, 75 × 48 × 32 mm in size, and pathological examination revealed a spindle-cell, noninvasive thymoma, of type A according to the World Health Organization classification, and stage I according to the Masaoka staging system. Thymomas are prone to ectopic occurrence, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of middle mediastinum tumors.

Prognostic significance of pleural lavage cytology after thoracotomy and before closure of the chest in lung cancer

Some reports have described pleural lavage cytology (PLC) to be a prognostic factor for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, there have only been a few reports describing the findings both immediately after thoracotomy (PLC after thoracotomy) and before the closure of the chest (PLC before closure). From April 2002 to April 2008, both PLC after thoracotomy and PLC before closure were performed in 296 consecutive patients who underwent resections for NSCLC. PLC after thoracotomy was positive in 14 patients. The survival rate in the PLC after thoracotomy positive cases was significantly poorer than in PLC after thoracotomy negative cases (P=0.047). In contrast, there were 26 PLC before closure positive cases. The survival rate in the PLC before closure positive cases was significantly poorer than in the PLC before closure negative cases (P<0.0001). Multivariate analyses revealed that PLC after thoracotomy is not an independent prognostic factor in our study. However, PLC before closure was an independent prognostic factor based on multivariate analyses. We conclude that PLC before closure was found to be a better prognostic factor than PLC after thoracotomy for NSCLC patients.

Successful video-assisted thoracic surgery for pulmonary endometriosis: Report of a case.

Pulmonary endometriosis is a disease in which uterine endometrial cells with stromal components grow in the pulmonary parenchymal tissues or pleura. Surgical resection is considered an effective and radical treatment for pulmonary endometriosis to avoid the adverse effects of long-term hormone therapy in young women of childbearing years with a localized abnormal lesion. We report a case of pulmonary endometriosis with catamenial hemoptysis, an uncommon result of this disease, which was diagnosed histologically and treated successfully by video-assisted thoracic surgery.

Video-assisted thoracic surgery for left lung cancer in a patient with a right aortic arch

We report a rare case of left lung cancer in a patient with a right aortic arch. A 65-year-old woman was diagnosed to have an adenocarcinoma in the left upper lobe (S3) in addition to a right aortic arch (type II), with the left subclavian artery originating from the descending aorta. Left upper lobectomy and lymph node dissection was performed by video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). For the mediastinal dissection, the upper mediastinal lymph nodes were easily resected after verifying the location of the arterial ligament and the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). This is the first report of using VATS to remove a lung cancer from a patient with a right aortic arch.

The use of Blake drains following general thoracic surgery: is it an acceptable option?

As a method of chest drainage, we analyzed the extended utility of silastic flexible drains (Blake drains, Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, NJ) for general thoracic surgery. In 420 cases of general thoracic surgery, Blake drains were used. To examine the utility of Blake drains, we investigated the diseases for which they were used, their effectiveness in addressing postoperative complications. The treated diseases for which Blake drains were used comprised 181 cases of primary lung cancer, 44 cases of metastatic lung tumor, 57 cases of benign lung disease, 32 cases of mediastinal tumor, 6 cases of myasthenia gravis, 76 cases of spontaneous pneumothorax, 14 cases of chest wall and/or pleural tumor, 6 cases of empyema, and 4 cases of diaphragmatic disease. Blake drains functioned efficiently in 3 cases of re-operation for postoperative bleeding, 2 cases of adhesion therapy with drugs for persistent air leaks, and 1 case of re-operation for chylothorax. There were no cases of either complications or patient complaints of discomfort resulting from drain placement. The use of Blake drains for general thoracic surgery is considered to be an acceptable option, and it is necessary to proceed with further investigations of larger numbers of cases.

A Small Alveolar Adenoma Resected by Thoracoscopic Surgery

Alveolar adenoma (AA) is a rare lung benign tumor originated from type II pneumocytes. It presents as a well-defined nodule in clinical images, but is difficult to differentiate from early-stage lung cancer. We treated a 58-year-old woman with a small-sized AA measuring 8 x 6 mm in the upper lobe of the left lung by performing a thoracoscopic resection. The AA does not cause any symptoms and it is often incidentally detected as an abnormal shadow. There have been no reported cases of recurrence after a resection of AA, but a subsequent increase in such cases is expected, and we believe that it is necessary to understand the characteristics of this typical benign lung tumor.

‘Lung age’ predicts post‐operative complications and survival in lung cancer patients

Background and objective:  The Japanese Respiratory Society recently proposed ‘lung age’ as an easily understood concept of respiratory function. In this study, we evaluated whether ‘lung age’ could be a useful predictor of post‐operative respiratory complications and survival patients with lung cancer treated surgically.