Yoshio Miyake

Metabolism of trichloroethylene

Abstract Trichloroethylene was metabolized to chloral hydrate, trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid in vitro . The three metabolites in the incubation mixture were determined by gas-liquid chromatography using an electron capture detector. The kinetics of the individual steps of the metabolism of trichloroethylene were investigated in rat liver subcellular fractions or recombined fractions. The general features of trichloroethylene metabolism in vitro were demonstrated by the conversion of trichloroethyleme to the three metabolites (6 per cent total yield) by the 700 g supernatant fraction of rat liver in 2 hr. Oxidation of trichloroethylene to chloral hydrate occurred only in the microsomal fraction of rat liver, as previously reported by Byington and Leibman [5]. (This step was rate-limiting and was stimulated by both phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment.) Reduction of chloral hydrate to trichloroethanol occurred in the cytosol of rat liver. This activity was separated into at least three fractions by a DEAE cellulose column—one of them was NADH-dependent and the others were NADPH-dependent.) The formation of trichloroacetic acid from chloral hydrate required cytosol or mitochondria with NAD.

Identification of substances in petroleum causing objectionable odour in fish

Abstract In order to identify substances causing an offensive-odour in fish from the sea facing petroleum and petrochemical industries, analyses have been made on sea water, industrial wastes, fish and eels kept in the sea or industrial waste for a certain period, by means of gas chromatography, i.r., u.v. absorption and mass spectrometry. Observations revealed toluene as a possible main cause of the odour. Finally, by analysing the meat extract of fish kept in sea water containing toluene which had the same smell as that of the offensive-smelling fish from near the oil refineries, it has been confirmed that toluene imparts the offensive-odour to fish near Mizushima. By gas chromatographic analysis of eels kept alive experimentally in sea water containing oil and their components, it has been proved that aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene and o -, m - and p -xylene) other than toluene and some aliphatic hydrocarbons are also probable substances that impart an offensive-odour to fish. Gasoline rich in olefine imparts offensive-odour to fish more than gasoline rich in paraffin or naphthene.

Compound from floating petroleum accumulating in fish

Abstract Conditions replicating petroleum spillage at sea were simulated in a controlled laboratory aquarium containing eels. Quantitative and qualitative comparisons of the effects of benzene, toluene, m - or p -xylene and o -xylene were made of eel flesh after 1, 3 and 7 days following petroleum exposure. When the ratio of toluene concentration in eel flesh to that in water was expressed by the index 100, the indexes of benzene, m - or p -xylene, and o -xylene to water were 15·0, 27·8 and 25·6, respectively. In blind sensory taste tests, judges discriminated eels reared in oily waters for 1, 3 and 7 days.

Transfer to fish of petroleum paraffins and organic sulfur compounds

Abstract Eels were maintained in a controlled laboratory environment in water with suspensions of crude oil. Gas chromatography of the eel flesh revealed the presence of paraffins and organic sulfur compounds whose concentration increased with rearing time.

Identification of organic sulfur compounds and polycyclic hydrocarbons transferred to shellfish from petroleum suspension by capillary mass chromatography

Abstract An attempt was made to determine the organic sulfur compounds, usually contained in crude oil, as a marker of oil pollution in shellfish. Short-necked clam ( Tapea Angdala phillipinarum A. et Reeve) were maintained in a controlled laboratory environment and in water with a suspension of crude oil. Capillary column gas chromatography-mass chromatography of short-necked clam extract showed the presence of organic sulfur compounds of alkyl-benzothiophene (from C 1 –C 6 ) and dibenzothiophene and alkyl-dibenzothiophene (C 1 –C 4 ). These organic sulfur compounds are a marker of oil pollution of shellfish. Other organic aromatic compounds, naphthalene, alkyl-naphthalene (C 1 –C 3 ), phenanthrene, alkyl-phenanthrene (C 1 –C 3 ), pyrene and alkyl-pyrene (C 1 ) in soft body of short-necked clam were transferred from oil suspension to shellfish. The concentration factors of organic sulfur compounds according with lapse of time were determined by gas chromatography with an attached flame ionization detector.

Identification of substances transferred to fish or shellfish from petroleum suspension

Abstract Identification of organic sulfur compounds contained in crude oil as a marker of oil pollution of fish and shellfish was performed. Eels (Anguilla Japonica Temminck et Schlegel) or short-necked clams (Tapes Amygdala philippinarum A. Adams et Reeve) were maintained in a controlled laboratory environment of water with a suspension of crude oil. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of eel flesh extract showed the presence of 1-methyl, 2-methyl, dimethyl, trimethylnaphthalenes and dibenzothiophene, and that of soft body of short-necked clams showed dimethyl, trimethylnaphthalene, dibenzothiophene, and monomethyl and dimethyldibenzothiophenes.

Identification of organic sulfur compounds transferred to fish from petroleum suspension by mass chromatography

Abstract Authors attempted to select organic sulfur compounds usually contained in crude oil as a marker of oil pollution in fish. For confirming this, eels (Anguilla japonica Temminck et Schlegel) were maintained in a controlled laboratory environment in water with suspensions of crude oil. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and mass chromatography of eel flesh extract showed the presence of organic sulfur compounds of alkyl-(from mono- to pentamethyl) benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophene and alkyl-(from mono- to trimethyl) dibenzothiophene and of other organic sulfur compounds of alkyl-(from mono- to pentamethyl) naphthalene. Alkyl benzothiophenes or alkyl dibenzothiophenes of less carbon numbers were easily transferred to eel than those of more carbon numbers.

Oily smell and oil components in fish flesh reared in seawater containing heavy oil

Greenfish (Givella punctata) and eels (Anguilla rostrata) were kept in a seawater containing heavy fuel oil A. The results indicated that the degree of the oily taint in fish depended on the concentration of the oil and how long the fish were kept in the water. When these fish were kept in seawater containing a low concentration of oil, the greenfish had no detectable taint, but a gas chromatogram of greenfish extract showed the presence of oil components. The necessity of using both the test for tainting and the gas chromatographic analysis for the survey of oil-contaminated fish is described.