Yosuke Hirata

Design of a W-band TE/sub 01/ mode gyrotron traveling-wave amplifier with high power and broad-band capabilities

A high-power gyrotron traveling-wave amplifier operating in the low-loss TE/sub 01/ mode has been constructed at the University of California, Davis that will be driven by a 100-kV, 5-A electron beam with a pitch angle (/spl upsi//sub /spl perp////spl upsi//sub z/) of unity and velocity spread of 5%. The amplifier is predicted by large-signal simulations to generate 140 kW at 92 GHz with 28% efficiency, 50-dB saturated gain and 5% bandwidth. The stability of the amplifier from oscillation has been investigated with linear codes. The threshold current for the absolute instability of the TE/sub 01/ operating mode for the chosen operating parameters is predicted to be 10 A. To suppress the potential gyro-backward-wave oscillator interactions, the interaction circuit with a cutoff frequency of 91 GHz has been loaded with distributed loss so that the single-pass attenuation is 90 dB at 93 GHz. The coaxial input coupler has a predicted and measured coupling of 1 and 2 dB, respectively.

Design of a W-band second-harmonic TE/sub 02/ gyro-TWT amplifier

A harmonic gyrotron traveling-wave tube (gyro-TWT) amplifier is described that can stably deliver high peak and average power in the low-loss TE/sub 02/-mode at 91.4 GHz. The single-stage second-harmonic TE/sub 02/ gyro-TWT is predicted to produce a peak power of 600 kW with an efficiency of 24%, a saturated gain of 30 dB, and a 3-dB bandwidth of 2.7%. The amplifier employs a 100-kV, 25-A electron beam emitted from a magnetron injection gun with v/sub /spl perp///v/sub /spl par//=1.2 and /spl Delta/v/sub /spl par///v/sub /spl par//=8%. The device is based on the proven concept that the electron beam current can be much higher in a stable harmonic gyro-TWT amplifier than at the fundamental due to the relatively weaker strength of the harmonic interaction. The TE/sub 02/ overmoded interaction waveguide is sufficiently large to handle an average power of 60 kW and provides considerable clearance for the high current electron beam. An innovative mode-selective interaction circuit prevents the amplifier from oscillating in undesired modes.

Development of 170 GHz/500 kW gyrotron

A development of 170GHz/500kW level gyrotron was carried out as R&D work of ITER. The oscillation mode is TE31,8. In a short pulse experiment, the maximum power of 750kW was achieved at 85kV/40A. The efficiency was 22%. In the depressed collector operation, 500kW/36%/50ms was obtained. The maximum efficiency of 40% was obtained at PRF=470kW whereas the power decrease by the electron trapping was observed. Pulse extension was done up to 10s at PRF=170kW with the depressed collector operation. The power was limited by the temperature increase of the output window.

Wave-beam shaping using multiple phase-correction mirrors

This paper describes a scheme for shaping a given wave beam into the desired profile using multiple phase-correction mirrors. This mirror system was applied to a gyrotron internal converter to flatten the radiated beam profile at the window. The flat output beam is reconverted into HE11 mode, a basic propagation mode for corrugated waveguides, by another pair of phase-correction mirrors for transmission into a fusion reactor. In addition, a wave-beam splitting and combining technique is also presented.

The design of a tapered dimple-type mode converter/launcher for high-power gyrotrons

This paper presents the design method for a gyrotron-dimple-type mode converter that is axially up-tapered to prevent inside oscillation. In this up-tapered converter, the propagation constant of the traveling TE modes varies axially since the mean radius grows in the axial direction, requiring a new formulation of the mode coupling in the converter. In this paper, the axial variation of the helix pitch that describes the TE mode propagation is discussed first. Then, the coupling coefficients between TE modes are analytically derived, with which a trial design of a linearly tapered converter is made for a 170-GHz gyrotron.

Design and tests of 168-GHz, 500-kW gyrotrons and power supply system

Abstract A practical multi-gyrotron oscillation system, using collector-potential depression, composed of six gyrotron tubes and 3 U of power supplies, was designed, fabricated and tested. This system was designed to generate power levels of 3 MW for pulse duration of 1-s at ≈168 GHz for electron cyclotron heating of LHD at the National Institute for Fusion Science. The all-solid-state power supply unit can drive a maximum of three gyrotrons by equipping the collector power supply with three pairs of the anode and body power supplies. The gyrotrons used a TE31,8,1-mode interaction cavity. A single-stage depressed collector with sweeping coils was employed to increase system efficiency and reduce the heat flux to the collector surface. An internal converter produced a flattened Gaussian profile at a single-disk silicon-nitride window. The output mode was reconverted into the HE11 mode by an MOU. We reconstructed a main circuit of the power supply unit because of stray capacitors in the actual circuit. There were some differences between the designed and measured output wave profiles. The tubes were tested for 1-s pulse with power levels of 500 kW; system efficiencies were 30% at the peak and 28% at the average and temperatures of the windows were ≈200°C.

Hydrogen Bond and Crystal Deformation of Cellulose in Sub/Super-critical Water

The characteristics of a hydrogen bond and the stability of Iβ-phase crystalline cellulose in sub/super-critical water (up to 750 K) were investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with the GROMOS87 force field and the flexible SPC model. The population of hydrogen bonds between cellulose chains decreases as the temperature or the water density increases. The increase of the temperature also decreases the lifetime of the hydrogen bond between cellulose and water and between celluloses, where the lifetimes are shorter than that between water molecules. The fluctuation of the crystalline structure was observed and it degraded with chains leaving due to the breaking of hydrogen bonds. A model estimating the break-period of a chain link by hydrogen bonds is proposed. The break-period estimated by this model based on probability and lifetime of hydrogen bonds between chains agrees to with that obtained by molecular dynamical calculation.

Experimental coupling efficiency of shaping mirrors matching a 168-GHz gyrotron output wave to the HE/sub 11/ mode

This paper presents an experiment in which the phase- and amplitude-flattened output of a 168 GHz gyrotron was converted into the HE/sub 11/ mode, the basic transmitting mode in corrugated waveguides, by means of an external matching box (MBOX) comprising two curved-surface mirrors. In estimating the coupling efficiency between the gyrotron output wave and the HE/sub 11/ mode, an improved method was proposed in which the reconstructed phase of the gyrotron output wave at four distances are averaged. From the phase reconstruction with averaging, it was found that 76% of the gyrotron output coupled into the HE/sub 11/ mode in a corrugated waveguide, while a coupling efficiency of 85% was calculated for an ideal gyrotron output. A detailed discussion on the MBOX performance as well as the accuracy of phase reconstruction shows that this low coupling efficiency is due to the nonideality of the actual gyrotron output and that designing the MBOX mirrors based on the actual measurement at the gyrotron window can improve the coupling efficiency.

Fluid epitaxialization effect on velocity dependence of dynamic contact angle in molecular scale

Molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the effect of epitaxial ordering of the fluid molecules on the microscopic dynamic contact angle. The simulations were performed in a Couette-flow-like geometry where two immiscible fluids were confined between two parallel walls moving in opposite directions. The extent of ordering was varied by changing the number density of the wall particles. As the ordering becomes more evident, the change in the dynamic contact angle tends to be more sensitive to the increase in the relative velocity of the contact line to the wall. Stress components around the contact line is evaluated in order to examine the stress balance among the hydrodynamic stresses (viscous stress and pressure), the deviation of Youngs stress from the static equilibrium condition, and the fluid-wall shear stress induced by the relative motion between them. It is shown that the magnitude of the shear stress on the fluid-wall surface is the primary contribution to the sensitivity of the dynamic contact angle and that the sensitivity is intensified by the fluid ordering near the wall surface.

Development of a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics code for electromagnetic pumps

Annular linear induction pumps (ALIPs) are one of the electromagnetic (EM) pumps, which drive liquid metal using EM force, for fast reactors and have been developed in many countries. An ALIP mainly consists of multiple coils, iron cores and an annular flow channel. We have calculated the developed pressure of ALIPs using a two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) code. There are some reports in which pressure drop and fluctuation were observed in EM pump operations near the top of the pressure and flow rate relation (P–Q) curve. For fear of this phenomenon, the EM pump design is sometimes too conservative. To simulate the pressure drop and fluctuation occurrence conditions, we have developed a new three-dimensional (3D) MHD code. Clarification of this condition and its phenomena in the sodium flow will enable design of a new structure or determination of operation conditions that preclude this pressure drop and fluctuation and, thereby, achieve high efficiency. In this paper, the model of our new 3D MHD code, the accuracy of the code, simulation results focusing on pressure drop and fluctuation by radial and circumferential vortices are reported.