Young-Mee Baek

Deodorizing function and antibacterial activity of fabrics dyed with gallnut (Galla Chinensis) extract

To examine the deodorizing function and antibacterial activity of fabrics dyed with gallnut extract, a natural dying aqueous solution was prepared by extraction from gallnut using water at 90℃ for 90 min with a fixed liquor ratio of 1:10. The colorimetric properties, the deodorization performance and the antibacterial ability of fabrics (cotton, silk and wool fabrics) dyed with the natural colorant extract solution were evaluated. The main component of the colorant (yellowish color) in the gallnut extract was found to be gallotannin. The K/S value of the dyed fabrics increased in the order of cotton < silk <wool. From curve fitting of ultraviolet-visible spectra, the gallnut extract obtained in this study was found to comprise gallotannin (69.0%), gallic acid (25.7%) and methyl gallate (5.3%). The dyed fabrics showed a better deodorizing function against ammonia, trimethyl amine and acetaldehyde, compared to the control (undyed) fabrics. The dyed fabrics showed an excellent antibacterial function (99.9% reduction) against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia. These results highlight the strong potential of the natural dyed fabrics as a functional material with both high antibacterial activity and deodorizing function.

Deodorizing and antibacterial performance of cotton, silk and wool fabrics dyed with Punica granatum L. extracts

Natural dye extracts were obtained by extraction from Punica granatum L. using water as an extractant at 90 °C for 90 min with various liquor ratios (solid Punica granatum L.(wt.): solvent water(wt.); 1:100–1:5). Dyeing was carried out using a 1:50 dyeing bath ratio at 80 °C for 60 min by exhaustion method. This study focused on the effect of liquor ratio on dyeing properties and deodorizing/antibacterial performance of various fabrics (cotton, silk and wool) dyed with Punica granatum L. extract without mordants. The optimum liquor ratio was found to be 1:10. By IR, UV-visible spectroscopies and HPLC analysis, the main component in Punica granatum L. extract and the yellow colorant component were found to be ellagic acid. By GC/MS analysis, the major volatile components of pristine Punica granatum L. powder were found to be acetic acid (area: 25.84 %), ethanol (area: 17.97 %), acetoin (area: 13.11 %), acetaldehyde (area: 8.96 %), isobutanal (area: 4.90 %). All dyed fabrics (cotton, silk and wool fabrics) displayed outstanding deodorizing performance (99 %) against ammonia gas and excellent antibacterial performance (bacteriostatic reduction rate: 99.9 %) against Staphylococcu aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Analysis of Dyes and Mordants of 16~17th Century Textiles Excavated from Daejeon

Excavated textiles provide very important research data on the costume culture of the Joseon dynasty. In particular, dyed textiles are indispensable for textile conservation research and for restoration of remains as well as for general costume culture research. Unfortunately, a prolonged burial environment causes the colors to change and gradually fade after excavation. Therefore, it is very difficult to identify the original color. In this study, natural dyed samples of red, yellow, purple and blue were prepared and analyzed using HPLC-PDA. Dyes of colorants extracted from excavated textile remains were analyzed by HPLC. In addition, mordants were analyzed using (SEM-EDX) in order to estimate the original color. The 16~17th Century`s three samples were analyzed, sample 1, and 2 from Eunjin Song`s Song Mun-Chang excavated at the Songchon-dong in Daejeon, and sample 3 from Yeosan Song`s Song, Hee-Jong excavated at the Mokdal-dong in Daejeon. From the HPLC results, alizarin, purpurin, and indigo were detected on sample 1, alizarin and purpurin on sample 2, ellagic acid and indigo on sample 3. Therefore they were dyed with madder and indigo (sample 1), madder (sample2), pomagranted and indigo (sample 3). Al mordant was identified on three samples.

Effect of Extractant on the Color Characteristics of Natural Colorant Extracts

Natural colorant extracts were obtained by extraction from tumeric root, gardenia seeds, mugwort and green tea using water, methanol, ethanol and acetone as extractants at room temperature for 3 hours under shaking condition(180rpm) with liquor ratio(solid:solvent; 1:100). The main pigment components of tumeric root, gardenia seeds, mugwort and green tea are known to be curcumin, crocin, chlorophyll b and epigallocatechin gallate, respectively. The effects of the kind of extractant and pH on the color characteristics of natural colorant extracts were investigated. The solubility parameters of pigment components were determined to find adequate extractant. The solubility parameters of curcumin, crocin, chlorophyll b and epigallocatechin gallate were found to be 27.85, 29.40, 19.48 and . As expected, solvents that have a solubility parameter similar to that of pigment component were generally found to be effective to obtain pigment extracts having high visible absorbance(A). The extract(pigment/solvent) with high visible absorbance was generally found to have low (lightness) and high Chroma(, purity).

Colorimetric assay and deodorizing/antibacterial performance of natural fabrics dyed with immature pine cone extract:

To examine the deodorizing function and antibacterial activity of fabrics dyed with the extract of immature pine cone, a natural dyeing aqueous solution (the extract of immature pine cone, a natural colorant) was prepared. The colorimetric assay and deodorizing/antibacterial performance of fabrics (cotton, silk and wool fabrics) dyed with immature pine cone extract without/with mordant (aluminum sulfate) were evaluated. The components in the aqueous extract of immature pine cone were found to be hemicellulose, lignin, cellulose and tannin. The yellow color of fabrics dyed with immature pine cone extract might be attributed to the lignin component. The K/S values of dyed fabrics with mordant showed higher values than those without mordant. The color fastness (washing, water and acid/alkaline perspiration fastness) of fabrics dyed without/with mordant was found to be very good (grade 4–5). All of the fabrics dyed without/with mordant also showed good deodorizing function and excellent antibacterial performance. These results demonstrate the strong potential of even natural fabrics dyed with immature pine cone extract without mordant as a functional material with both high antibacterial activity and deodorizing function.

Dyeing properties and deodorizing/antibacterial performance of cotton/silk/wool fabrics dyed with myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) extract

An aqueous solution containing a natural colorant (myrrh extract) was obtained by extraction from myrrh using water as an extracting solvent at 90℃ for 90 min with a fixed material to liquor ratio of 1:10. The dyeing properties, color fastness and deodorizing/antibacterial performance of fabrics (cotton, silk and wool fabrics) dyed with myrrh extract were evaluated. The main component in myrrh extract was found to be polysaccharides composed of D-galactose/D-glucuronic acid/L-arabinose and protein. The yellow-red color of fabrics dyed with myrrh extract was attributed to the copper (I) oxide component. The K/S value of the dyed fabrics increased in the order of cotton < silk < wool. The washing, water and acid/alkaline perspiration fastness of dyed cotton/silk/wool fabrics were good (Grade 4–5), except light fastness (Grade 1–3). The deodorizing performance of dyed fabrics against ammonia and acetic acid was found to be significantly better than the control (undyed) fabrics. The dyed fabrics exhibited an excellent antibacterial performance (99.9% bacteriostatic reduction rate) against both Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus. These results highlight the strong potential of the natural dyed fabrics as a functional material with both high antibacterial activity and deodorizing function.

Deodorizing Performance and Antibacterial Properties of Fabric Treated with Pomegranate and Gallnut Extracts Compared with Properties of Commercial Deodorizing and Antibacterial Agents

We compared the ability of pomegranate and gallnut extracts to protect fabrics against odors and bacteria with the deodorizing and antibacterial efficacy of two commer- cial deodorizing and antibacterial agents. Cotton, silk, or wool fabric was treated with pomegranate extract, gallnut extract, or one of two commercial deodorizing and antibac- terial agents, F or D. The fabrics were tested for their ability to withstand the odor of ammo- nia, trimethylamine, acetaldehyde, or acetic acid, and their antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus. We analyzed the volatile components in pomegranate extract, gallnut extract, F, and D using gas chromatography-mass spectrom- etry. We found more acidic volatile components in the pomegranate and gallnut extracts than in F and D. In contrast, there were more cyclo compounds in the volatile materials of F and D than in the pomegranate or gallnut extracts. The fabrics treated with pomegranate or gallnut extract showed a greater ability to withstand odors than those treated with F or D. However, the fabrics treated with F showed a greater ability to withstand acetic acid odors than did the fabric treated with pomegranate extract, gallnut extract, or D. The anti- bacterial properties of fabric treated with pomegranate extract, gallnut extract, and F was found to be excellent (bacteriostatic reduction rate=99.9%). These results suggest that pomegranate and gallnut extracts have strong potential to be used as multi-functional agents, with both showing excellent deodorizing and antibacterial properties.

Identification of Fibers of Samsebul (Triple Buddha Statues) at Bonghwangsa in Andong

Samsebul, the altar portrait behind the statue of Buddha in the main building of Bonghwang temple in Andong, has been designated as Tangible Cultural Property No. 406. These alter portraits have significance as the standard of the research of Samsebul in Joseon period. In this study, fibre of the ground textile is identified using microscopic examination, solubility test, ATR-FT-IR, SEM, XRD. Two samples from Yaksabul(A, B), one sample from Seokgabul(C), and one sample from Amitabul(D), which were collected during the conservation process, were prepared for this study. In previous record, above samples were documented as hemp. Due to severe deterioration and accumulated dust layers on these samples, it was hard to recognize them with naked eyes, but through this study, we could identify that all samples except one from Yaksabul(A) are silk.안동 봉황사의 삼세불(三世佛)은 대웅전 후불탱화로 경상북도 유형문화재 406호로 지정되어 있다. 이들 탱화들은 조선시대 삼세불화 연구의 기준이 되는 작품으로 귀중한 의미를 지닌다. 본 연구에서는 이들 탱화가 그려진 바탕직물의 섬유에 대해 현미경 관찰 및 용해법과 감쇠 전반사이용 적외분광분석법, 주사전자현미경 등을 이용하여 섬유의 재질을 동정하였다. 실험을 위해 보존처리과정 중 수거된 약사불 시료 2점(A, B), 석가불 시료 1점(C), 아미타불 시료 1점(D)을 채취하여 사용하였다. 본 시료들에 대해 기존의 문화재 명칭에는 삼베로 기록되어 있었다. 열화가 심하고 두꺼운 먼지층을 형성하고 있어 육안으로는 감별이 어려웠으나 본 실험을 통하여 약사불 시료1점(A)을 제외하고는 모두 견직물임을 알 수 있었다. 【Samsebul, the altar portrait behind the statue of Buddha in the main building of Bonghwang temple in Andong, has been designated as Tangible Cultural Property No. 406. These alter portraits have significance as the standard of the research of Samsebul in Joseon period. In this study, fibre of the ground textile is identified using microscopic examination, solubility test, ATR-FT-IR, SEM, XRD. Two samples from Yaksabul(A, B), one sample from Seokgabul(C), and one sample from Amitabul(D), which were collected during the conservation process, were prepared for this study. In previous record, above samples were documented as hemp. Due to severe deterioration and accumulated dust layers on these samples, it was hard to recognize them with naked eyes, but through this study, we could identify that all samples except one from Yaksabul(A) are silk.】