Youngho Seo

Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Red Pepper, Chinese Cabbage, and Potato Fields in Gangwon-do, Korea

The level of nitrous oxide (N₂O), a long-lived greenhouse gas, in atmosphere has increased mainly due to anthropogenic source, especially application of nitrogen fertilizers. Quantifying N₂O emission from agricultural field is essential to develop national inventories of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission. The objective of the study was to develop emission factor to estimate direct N₂O emission from agricultural field in Gangwon-do, Korea by measuring N₂O emissions from potato (Solanum tuberosum), red pepper (Capsicum annum L.), and Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.) cultivation lands from 2009 to 2012. Accumulated N₂O emission was 1.48±0.25 kg N2O-N ha -1 for red pepper, 1.27±0.27 kg N₂O-N ha -1 for potato, 1.49±0.06 kg N₂O-N ha -1 for Chinese cabbage cultivated in spring, and 1.14±0.22 kg N₂O-N ha -1 for fall Chinese cabbage. Emission factor of N₂O calculated from accumulated N₂O emission, nitrogen fertilization rate, and background N₂O emission was 0.0051±0.0016 kg N₂O-N kg -1 N for cropland in Gangwon province. More extensive study is deserved to be conducted to develop N₂O emission factor for upland crops in Korea through examining the emission factors from various regions and crops because N₂O emission is influenced by many factors including climate characteristics, soil properties, and agricultural practices.

Alleviating Effect of Salicylic Acid Pre-treatment on Soil Moisture Stress of Waxy Corn

Soil moisture shortage can reduce yield of waxy corn because maize is one of the sensitive crops to the drought stress. Farmers cannot irrigate due to limited water resource and irrigating facilities although applying water is the most effective practice to solve the drought problem. The study was conducted to investigate the pre-treatment effect of salicylic acid on reducing drought damage of waxy corn (Zea mays L.). Salicylic acid at concentration of 0.2 mM was applied at seven-leaf stage or ten-leaf stage three times. Drought stress was imposed by withholding irrigation from 11 days before anthesis to 10 days after anthesis. Application of salicylic acid significantly increased ear length by 11.0~12.3% and yield by 8.8~11.3% compared with non-treated control, indicating that the drought injuries of waxy corn can be alleviated through pre-treatment of salicylic acid at the vegetative stage.

Nitrous Oxide Emission from Livestock Compost applied Arable Land in Gangwon-do

Agriculture activities account for 58% of total anthropogenic emissions of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) with global warming potential of 298 times as compared to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) on molecule to molecule basis. Quantifying N 2 O from managed soil is essential to develop national inventories of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The objective of the study was to compare N 2 O emission from livestock compost applied arable land with that for fertilizer treatment. The study was conducted for two years by cultivating Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.) in Chuncheon, Gangwon-do. Accumulated N 2 O emission during cultivation of Chinese cabbage after applying livestock compost was slightly greater than that for chemical fertilizer. Slightly greater N 2 O emission factor for livestock compost was observed than that for chemical fertilizer possibly due to lump application of livestock compost before crop cultivation compared with split application of chemical fertilizers and enhanced denitrification activity through increased carbon availability by organic matter in livestock compost.

Effect of Green Manure Crop and Biochar on Nitrous Oxide Emission from Red Pepper Field

Atmospheric nitrous oxide () level has been increasing at a rate of 0.2~0.3% per year. The rise in concentration in atmosphere was mainly due to an increased application of nitrogen fertilizers. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of green manure crop and biochar on emissions from upland crop field. The green manure crop used in the study was hairy vetch and the cultivated crop was red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Nitrogen was applied at a rate of , standard N fertilization rate for red pepper. Emissions of from the field were reduced from the plots applied with hairy vetch and biochar by 46.5% and 24.6%, respectively, compared with nitrogen fertilizer treated plots with emission of . The results from the study imply that green manure crop and biochar can be utilized to reduce greenhouse gas emission from the upland crop field.

Anthocyanin-rich grain corn hybrid variety ‘Saekso 2’

We report the development of new anthocyanin-rich grain corn hybrid variety ‘Saekso 2’. The seed parent, HA3 and the pollen parent, HA4 was developed from breeding materials collected from China in 2008 and from Canada in 2000, respectively. The hybrid was made in the winter of 2010/2011 and evaluated in Hongcheon for 3 years. After evaluation, the selected variety was named ‘Saekso 2’ and was approved for a variety registration in 2017. Anthocyanin content of Saekso 2 in grain was 685 mg/100g and was much higher than that of Saeko 1(0mg/100g). Since regional tests was conducted in only Gangwon province, it is recommended only in that region for commercial cultivation. For the highest content of anthocyanin, it is best to harvest grains at around 45 days after silking. Saekso 2 is the first hybrid bred specifically for processing for high anthocyanin production.

Assessment of Integrated N₂O Emission Factor for Korea Upland Soils Cultivated with Red Pepper, Soy Bean, Spring Cabbage, Autumn Cabbage and Potato

Greenhouse-gas emission factors are widely used to estimate emissions arising from a defined unit of a specific activity. Such estimates are used both for international reporting to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and for myriad national and sub-national reporting purposes (for example, European Union Emissions Trading Scheme; EU ETS). As with the other so-called Kyoto protocol GHGs, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a methodology for national and sub-national estimation of N₂O emissions, based on the sector from which the emissions arise. The objective of this study was to develop a integrated emission factor to estimate the direct N₂O emission from an agricultural field cultivated with the red pepper, soy bean, spring cabbage, autumn cabbage and potato in 2010∼2012. Emission factor of N₂O calculated using accumulated N₂O emission, N fertilization rate, and background N₂O emission over three year experiment was 0.00596±0.001337 kg N₂O-N (N kg) -1 . More extensive studies need to be conducted to develop N₂O emission factors for other upland crops in the various regions of Korea because N₂O emission is influenced by many factors including climate characteristics, soil properties, and agricultural practices.

Assessment of N₂O Emission Factor of Autumn Chinese Cabbage Fields at Three Different Geographical Location in South Korea

The level of nitrous oxide (N₂O), a long-lived greenhouse gas, in atmosphere has increased mainly due to anthropogenic sources, especially application of nitrogen fertilizers. Quantifying N₂O emission in the agricultural field is essential to develop national inventories of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission. The objective of this study was to develop an emission factor to estimate the direct N₂O emission from an agricultural field cultivated with the Chinese cabbage during autumn season in 2010-2012. Emission factor of N₂O calculated over three years experiment using accumulated N₂O emission, nitrogen fertilization rate, and background N₂O emission was 0.0058±0.00254 kg N₂O-N kg -1 N. More extensive studies need to be conducted to develop N₂O emission factors for other upland crops in the various regions of Korea because N₂O emission is influenced by many factors including climate characteristics, soil properties, and agricultural practices as well as crop species.

A Revised Estimate of N 2 O Emission Factor for Spring Chinese cabbage fields in Korea

Greenhouse-gas emission factors are widely used to estimate emissions arising from a defined unit of a specific activity. Such estimates are used both for international reporting to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and for a myriad of national and subnational reporting purposes. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a methodology for national and sub-national estimation of known greenhouse gas emissions including N2O for each sector from which the emissions arise. The objective of this study was to develop an emission factor to estimate the direct N2O emission from an agricultural field cultivated with Chinese cabbage during spring season in 2010-2012. An estimated emission factor of N2O calculated over three years from field experiment accounting for cumulative N2O emission, nitrogen fertilization rate, and background N2O emission was 0.0056±0.00254 (95% CI) Kg N2O-N/kg N. More extensive studies are needed to develop N2O emission factors for other upland crops in various regions of Korea because N2O emission is influenced by many factors including climate characteristics, soil properties agricultural practices and crop species.

Developing N 2 O Emission Factor in Red Pepper Fields to Quantify N 2 O Emission of Agricultural Field

The level of nitrous oxide (), a long-lived greenhouse gas, in atmosphere has increased mainly due to anthropogenic sources, especially application of nitrogen fertilizers. Quantifying emission in the agricultural field is essential to develop National inventories of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission. The objective of this study was to develop emission factor to estimate direct emission from agricultural field by measuring emissions in the red pepper cultivating field from 2010 to 2012. Emission factor of calculated from accumulated emission, nitrogen fertilization rate, and background emission was N resulted from three year experiment of the research sites. More extensive studies need to be conducted to develop emission factors for other upland crops in the various regions of Korea because emission is influenced by many factors including climate characteristics, soil properties, and agricultural practices.

Influence of Continuous Organic Amendments on Growth and Productivity of Red Pepper and Soil Properties

Organic farming has rapidly increased in Gangwon province, but there is a concern about nutrient accumulation and nutrient imbalance in the soil of organic farming. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of continuous application of organic amendments on growth and yield of red pepper and soil characteristics compared with chemical fertilizers application for four years. Treatments of organic amendments including oil cake, rice straw compost, amino acid compost, rice bran compost, and mushroom media (spent substrate) compost resulted in comparable growth and yield of pepper to chemical fertilizers. Organic amendments improved soil physical and chemical characteristics. Especially, rice bran compost and oil cake significantly increased soil organic matter compared with chemical fertilizer application and mushroom media compost and rice straw compost significantly improved soil aggregate stability. On the other hand, available phosphate level in the soil amended with rice bran compost or mushroom media compost was relatively high compared with the other treatments due to relatively high phosphate levels in the composts. It is not easy to adjust nutrient composition in the organic materials. Therefore, the results obtained from the study imply that nutrient imbalance needs to be carefully considered in organic farming without use of chemical fertilizers.