Youngjun Choi

Principles of management and competitive strategies: using Fayol to implement Porter

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present how the past, Fayols principles of management, is applied to the present, Porters competitive strategies – cost leadership and differentiation – and in turn how the understanding of this connection between the past and present directs the future development of firms.Design/methodology/approach – This study explores which of Fayols principles can be matched to Porters cost‐leadership or differentiation strategy in terms of strategy implementation.Findings – The paper finds that the principles of division of work, authority and responsibility, unity of command, unity of direction and scalar chain are useful in the implementation of a cost leadership strategy but other, more modern alternative principles apply for differentiation strategy. Likewise, the three principles of stability of tenure of personnel, initiative and esprit de corps apply to the implementation of differentiation strategy, but not to cost leadership, where, again, alternative principle...

Comparative Analysis of the Spatial Structure of Apartment Unit Plans in Asia - Apartments in Korea, Vietnam, and Kazakhstan -

Abstract Though apartments are often criticized for their homogeneous nature, they are being actively adopted as an efficient method of providing houses for developing countries. In this paper, the authors argue whether such phenomenon can be seen simply as cultural identity giving in to internationalism. That is, apartments can indeed reflect locality within their spatial structure. To support this argument, apartment units from Korea, Vietnam, and Kazakhstan, three countries from dramatically different climate zones and cultural backgrounds, are analyzed. In doing so, Space Syntax, a quantitative analysis method widely used to interpret the cultural aspects embedded into a spatial structure is utilized. Each country′s apartment units had different functions at the topological center, which should not be seen as a mere coincidence since they were consistent with the spatial characteristic found in their respective traditional houses. Therefore, it can be said that apartments, in their unit plans, do reflect locality, a direct contradiction to the general belief.

Anxiolytic efficacy of repeated oral capsaicin in rats with partial aberration of oral sensory relay to brain

OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to examine if taste over load with oral capsaicin improves the adverse behavioural effects induced by partial aberration of oral sensory relays to brain with bilateral transections of the lingual and chorda tympani nerves. DESIGN Male Sprague-Dawley rats received daily 1 ml of 0.02% capsaicin or water drop by drop into the oral cavity following the bilateral transections of the lingual and chorda tympani nerves. Rats were subjected to ambulatory activity, elevated plus maze and forced swim tests after 11th, 14th and 17th daily administration of capsaicin or water, respectively. The basal and stress-induced plasma corticosterone levels were examined after the end of behavioural tests. RESULTS Ambulatory counts, distance travelled, centre zone activities and rearing were increased, and rostral grooming decreased, during the activity test in capsaicin treated rats. Behavioural scores of capsaicin rats during elevated plus maze test did not differ from control rats. Immobility during the swim test was decreased in capsaicin rats with near significance (P = 0.0547). Repeated oral capsaicin increased both the basal level and stress-induced elevation of plasma corticosterone in rats with bilateral transections of the lingual and chorda tympani nerves. DISCUSSION It is concluded that repeated oral administration of capsaicin reduces anxiety-like behaviours in rats that received bilateral transections of the lingual and chorda tympani nerves, and that the increased corticosterone response, possibly modulating the hippocampal neural plasticity, may be implicated in the anxiolytic efficacy of oral capsaicin.

Improvement of AODV routing protocol through dynamic route change using hello message

In this paper, we propose distributed Dynamic Route Change Algorithm (DRCA) which dynamically finds a better (i.e., shorter) route to the destination using hello message of neighbor in ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol. We first change the hello message format of AODV so that it can contain the list of recently forwarded destination, hop count, and sequence number. The nodes that receive this hello message decide whether they change the next hop to the destination or not by comparing the hop count and sequence number in their routing table to those in the received hello message. We compare the performance of DRCA with original AODV routing protocol and a comparable scheme, called Shrink, through extensive simulations using ns-3. We show that DRCA outperforms AODV and Shrink in PDR, average delay, and the number of transmissions at MAC layer.

Disruption of oral sensory relay to brain increased anxiety- and depression-like behaviours in rats.

OBJECTIVE Sensory information plays an important role to determine psycho-emotional behaviours of individuals. Lingual nerve can be damaged by dental surgery or trauma, such as physical irritation, radiation, chemotherapy, or viral infection. This study was conducted to examine the psycho-emotional effects of lingual nerve damage in which oral sensory relay to the brain is disrupted. DESIGN Male Sprague-Dawley rats were tested for anxiety and depression-related behaviours after bilateral transections of the lingual and chorda tympani nerves (Nx) or sham operation. Tissue contents of serotonin and its metabolite in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and nucleus accumbens were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Sucrose preference was reduced in Nx rats compared with sham rats, suggesting the development of anhedonia, decreased pleasure seeking behaviour, by the lingual nerves transection. Ambulatory activity was decreased, anxiety-related behaviours during the activity test increased, time spent in the open arms during elevated plus maze test decreased, and immobility duration during forced swim test increased in Nx rats compared with sham rats. Serotonin level in the hippocampus of Nx rats was decreased significantly compared with sham rats. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that aberration of oral sensory relay to brain may lead to the development of depression- and anxiety-related disorders, and decreased serotonergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus may play a role in its underlying mechanism.

The Neighborhood Unit: Effective or Obsolete?

Abstract This study attempts to verify the validity of the neighborhood unit theory in Korea and interpret its meaning. In Korea, Perry′s neighborhood unit theory has been applied to new cities and housing block plans as a design principle since its introduction. While the theory has been actively applied to New Town developments throughout the world, it has also faced criticisms. This paper begins with the question ′Does Perry′s theory still have viability in Korea?′ First of all, this research reviewed the major contents and corresponding examples of Perry′s theory. In attempts to answer this question, major contents of the controversies were summarized historically, along with reviews on the background of how Perry′s theory was introduced. This is followed by examinations of applications of the neighborhood unit theory in Korea. Additionally, solutions regarding criticism of the theory were diagnosed. It was also pointed out that although there was a time that Perry′s theory was applied uniformly during socioeconomic changes in Korea, there were efforts to overcome the limitations of this theory. As a result, it was found that the neighborhood unit theory still viably suggests basic design principles for various types of planning from residential planning to life zone planning.

Comparative Evaluation of Unit Layout Alternatives in Plan-Extension Remodeling of Domestic Korean Apartments

It has been over 30 years since apartments began to be built on a nation-wide scale, to become the most common housing type in Korea. Now that some time has passed, the earlier apartments are deteriorating in physical quality and have become outdated in regards to the lifestyles of contemporary residents. Up to the most recent years, such aged apartments would be demolished and rebuilt with increased density. However, for sustainability reasons, many argue that ″remodeling,″ where the main structure of the apartments are retained and only internal configurations are modified, should be preferred over the current ″demolish-and-rebuild″ patterns. In order to adopt remodeling, it is critical that architectural strategies to overcome the physical constraints presented from retaining the existing structure are developed. In this study, the author was able to witness a pair of unit layout plans where one followed the traditional planning conventions and the other was more experimental in overcoming the constraints. Through various means such as POE, Space Syntax, and ″Perceptive Spaciousness Model,″ a model the author developed based on Michael Benedikt′s Isovist model, the experimental alternative proved to be preferable for remodeling.

Reusing Vacant Public Buildings for Social Integration - Focusing on the Conversion of Dong-Offices and Primary Schools into `Housing-Mixed Public Facilities` -

Due to the growing interest in eco-friendly and sustainable design in the architectural and urban planning field, we are witnessing numerous projects in which old buildings are being reused. However, with the exception of domestic apartments, there hasn`t been a systematic approach or policy regarding the reuse of specific building types. On the other hand, we were able to point out two public building types, dong-offices and primary schools, that are expected to be underused, with future needs for conversion. Because the two building types are public buildings, we believe that their conversion must address the needs of the society. In this study, we have chosen `social integration` as the ultimate goal of reusing public buildings. Upon the conceptual model of `Housing-Mixed Public Facility`, which was produced in a previous study, we have added other core programs that could be adopted into the model. Then, we applied the improved model onto the two building types by producing conversion plans and introducing key planning techniques. During this process, we have found some regulations that would not allow the realization of some models. Therefore, we have suggested amendments to the related regulations.

The Study on the Continuity of Iraq Traditional Culture and Spatial Elements Appeared in the Modern Apartment

As demands for housing are rapidly increasing, many apartments are being built by foreign construction companies with high technical skills. However, in these cases, traditional characteristics can easily not be considered. The aim of this research is to study which elements of traditional residential culture and spaces are still continued in modern residential spaces and which element have disappeared due to modernization in Iraq. Plans of traditional courtyard houses and modern apartments in Iraq have been compared through review study, interviews, and analysis using Space Syntax. Results have shown how traditional cultures about protecting privacy and inviting guests have been continued in the modern culture and are also considered when planning apartments in Iraq. Also, spaces which are made to control temperature in hot and dry climates have disappeared and the kitchen is no longer a space for only women. Based on this study, further research is needed to develop a apartment prototype which consider cultures of Iraq. It is expected that Korean construction companies can use this as basic data when participating in apartment construction projects in Iraq.

Chronological Analysis on the Hierarchy of Service Facilities as seen in the Block Plans of Apartment Complexes

Apartment block plans are not mere positioning and orientating apartment buildings, but the combination of apartment buildings in liaison with the external facilities, thus creating both internal and external space in harmony. Thus, in the block plan, the priority of the elements that make up the living environment is reflected, which changes with time. In this study analyzes block plans of apartments complexes dating back to the 1970s, measuring the connectivity and hierarchy of service facilities by using Point Depth, a quantitative index. In doing so, some statistically significant differences were found between time periods, housing sizes, ownership type. It seems that such differences result from the level of separation between pedestrian and vehicle paths, which is thought to reflect the perception on cars.