Yu-Jih Su

Cumulative immunosuppressant exposure is associated with diversified cancer risk among 14 832 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a nested case–control study

Objectives. Immunosuppressive therapy is necessary to alter the natural course of SLE. However, immunosuppressant‐related cancer risk is a major concern. The aim of this study was to determine whether immunosuppressant use is associated with cancer risk in SLE. Methods. We designed a retrospective nested case‐control study within an SLE population based on the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. We screened 14 842 patients with SLE from 2001 to 2013 and compared patients with SLE complicated by later cancer with patients with SLE but without cancer. The cumulative dose of immunosuppressants was calculated from the SLE diagnosis date to the occurrence of cancer. The immunosuppressants of interest were AZA, CYC, MTX, HCQ and systemic glucocorticoids. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for cancer were calculated in conditional Cox regression models after propensity score matching. Results. The top five types of cancers were breast (16.9%), haematological (11.7%), colorectal (11.0%), lung (10.6%) and hepatobiliary (10.4%) cancers. After matching, this study included 330 cancer patients and 1320 matched cancer‐free patients. The adjusted analyses showed an association of a higher cumulative CYC dose (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.13) and lower HCQ dose (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.90, 0.97) with cancer risk in comparison with the controls. Conclusion. Diverse cancer risks are associated with different immunosuppressants in patients with SLE. CYC increases the risk of cancer, and HCQ decreases this risk in SLE patients, both in a dose‐dependent manner.

Adherence to anti-osteoporotic regimens in a Southern Taiwanese population treated according to guidelines: a hospital-based study.

This study was designed to investigate adherence to anti‐osteoporotic regimens in a population following therapeutic guidelines; and to assess whether this experience differs from that in other administrative surveys.

The Diagnostic Value of Anti-CCP and Rheumatoid Factor for Patients with Refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and RA in Remission

To compare the diagnostic value of antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP) and rheumatoid factor (RF) for patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and RA in remission. Methods. A total of one hundred and forty three participants were enrolled: fifty one patients with RA refractory to standard methotrexate therapy, group I (Gr I, refractory RA); forty three RA patients in complete remission status for at least 3 months, group II (Gr II, RA in remission); and forty nine community-based healthy controls, group III (Gr III). Levels of anti-CCP and RF were measured for all of the subjects. The sensitivity and specificity of both tests were determined via these subjects. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to display the pairs of sensitivity and specificity for different cut off points of anti-CCP and RF. False negative rate and the complementary diagnostic effect of both assays were also calculated and compared. Results. The sensitivity of anti-CCP and RF for Gr I were 84% and 78%, and 74% and 67% for Gr II, respectively. The specificity of anti-CCP and RF was 98% and 92% respectively. The ROC analysis disclosed that anti-CCP, compared to RF, provided the best combination of sensitivity and specificity for detecting either groups of RA. In addition, anti-CCP provided better complementary diagnostic effect for our RA patients when the results of opposite tests were negative (33% vs 11% in Gr I, and 29% vs 9% in Gr II) (p＜0.001). Conclusion. The detection of anti-CCP in the diagnosis of patients with refractory RA and RA in remission showed higher sensitivity and specificity than RF assay.

Adherence to hydroxychloroquine improves long-term survival of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Objectives HCQ, which is known to decrease SLE activity, may have a protective effect on survival, but this has not been proven in Asia. This study aimed to determine whether HCQ treatment is associated with increased survival in patients with SLE. Methods We designed this prospective SLE cohort study using data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The participants were divided into HCQ and control groups according to whether HCQ was prescribed during the first year after an SLE diagnosis. The primary outcome was mortality 1 year after inclusion. In the subgroup analysis, these participants were divided based on medication possession ratio (MPR) in the first year into non-users, MPR <40%, 40% ⩽ MPR < 80% and MPR ⩾80% subgroups to explore the relationship between survival and HCQ adherence. Results A total of 12 443 patients were eligible for the analysis. After propensity score matching, we included 2287 patients in each group. During a mean follow-up of 7.6 years, there were 169 events in the HCQ group (7.4%) and 248 events in the control group (10.8%). The risk of mortality in the HCQ group was lower than that in the control group (hazard ratio = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.82). The subgroup analysis revealed that the survival protective effect was associated with HCQ adherence. Conclusion Patients with SLE who received HCQ had lower mortality rates due to any cause than those who did not. The survival benefit could be augmented by HCQ adherence.

Lower In-Hospital Mortality with Plasma Exchange than Plasmapheresis in a Subgroup Analysis of 374 Lupus Patients

Background Apheresis treatment includes plasmapheresis (PP) and plasma exchange (PE), and these terms are commonly used interchangeably. Nevertheless, the two procedures are carried out differently. The aims of this study were to investigate the mortality rate of patients who underwent therapeutic apheresis and compare the mortality rate between PP and PE. Methods We conducted a medical chart review retrospective study. All identified subjects (n = 436) were over 20 years old with at least one ICD-9-CM intervention code plasmapheresis or plasma exchange and at least one diagnosis code with rheumatic disease. All of them were hospitalized to Chang Gung Memorial Hospital between 1st of January, 2000, and 31st of December, 2014. Results 436 nonoverlapping patients had never received PE and/or PP before 1 Jan, 2000. Among all the patients, 350 received PE, 63 received PP, and 23 received both therapies. Female patients accounted for 85.09% of patients. The overall mortality rate was 4.65% in the PE subgroup, 4.76% with combination therapy, and 13.46% in the PP subgroup. There were 374 patients diagnosed as SLE, which is the majority of overall patients who received PE and/or PE. In multivariate analysis, PE was the sole independent factor predictor of survival in SLE subgroup patients (p = 0.02, exp(B) = 0.314, 95% CI 0.12–0.81). Conclusions We showed that both PP and PE were used in treating a variety of autoimmune disorders. Plasmapheresis was preferentially carried out in patients with peripheral neuropathy. In 374 lupus patients treated with either PE or PP, PE is superior to PP in reducing in-hospital mortality.

Effect of long-term hydroxychloroquine on vascular events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a database prospective cohort study

Objectives The incidence of thromboembolism in patients with SLE is higher than that in the general population. HCQ, widely used to treat lupus, may have vascular protective effects. The aim of this study was to determine whether long-term HCQ exposure is associated with decreased thromboembolism risk in SLE. Methods We designed a prospective cohort study within an SLE population based on the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. We divided participants into HCQ and control groups according to HCQ prescription during the first year. These groups were defined by medication possession ratio (MPR) ⩾80% and MPR = 0%, respectively. Patients with an MPR between 0 and 80% were excluded. The primary outcome was a composite vascular event, including acute coronary syndrome, ischaemic stroke, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis and peripheral arterial disease 1 year after inclusion. We excluded patients from the cohort if they had outcomes within the first year. Results A total of 8397 patients were eligible for analysis. After propensity-score matching, we included 1946 patients in each group. During a mean follow-up of 7.4 years, the number of events was 139 in the HCQ group (7.1%) and 149 in the control group (7.7%). The risk of vascular events in the HCQ group was similar to that in the control group (hazard ratio = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.72, 1.15). Further subgroup analyses confirmed no statistically significant differences between the groups. Conclusion Long-term HCQ appears to have no vascular protective effect in patients with SLE.

Clinical and Abdominal Computerized Tomography Characteristics of Patients with Image-Defined Lupus Mesenteric Vasculitis

Objective: Lupus mesenteric vasculitis (LMV) is a rare but challenging diagnostic issue related to patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Early recognition by means of clinical signs, laboratory parameters and abdominal computerized tomography (CT) can help in differential diagnosis. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics, images features and discover possible risk factors of patients with LMV.Methods: Seventeen patients with history of SLE at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital from 2004 to 2012 were identified according to clinical symptoms and fulfilling at least three of the following signs on abdominal CT scan: bowel wall thickening, bowel distention, target sign, comb sign, and fat attenuation. We recorded the clinical symptoms, laboratory data, and compared with 22 control lupus patients who experienced abdominal pain but LMV was excluded after abdominal CT survey.Results: The most frequent clinical symptoms of the 17 patients were abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea. The abdominal CT findings were mainly bowel wall thickening, bowel distention and the comb sign. There were no significant differences between baseline and LMV onset in the hemogram, C-reactive protein, complement, and anti-double stranded DNA antibody. Patients with positive anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibody had a greater tendency to develop LMV than the control group (OR = 6.33, 95% CI = 1.06-37.78, p=0.04).Conclusions: We identified the frequent clinical symptoms and abdominal CT features present in patients with LMV. Of all the laboratory parameters and serologic markers, anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibody was found to be a risk factor that is associated with LMV.

Outcome of Lupus nephritis-A 5-year Analysis

Objective: To investigate the long-term outcome of class IV lupus nephritis (LN) and to analyze its prognostic factors. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review study of 157 patients with LN between January 1986 and June 2004 in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Kaohsiung. All of these LN patients fulfilled the systemic lupus erythematosus classification criteria of the American College of Rheumatology and had histopathological findings of LN. Only those pathology-proved subjects with class IV by 2003 ISN/RPS classification were recruited. We reviewed the charts and collected the demographic data, serological parameters, and treatment courses of subjects recruited. The end point of renal outcome were doubling of serum creatinine (I) and end stage renal disease (ESRD)/death (II) within 60 months after renal biopsy Results: A total of 75 subjects were recruited, including 13 male and 62 female. Mean age was 25.9±9.7 year. Five years after renal biopsy, 16 subjects (21.3%) developed outcome I and 15 subjects (20.0%) developed outcome II. Those who did not develop outcome I had higher mean (14.5±2.1) activity index (AI) than that (13.1±2.5) of those did (HR=0.55, CI=0.35-0.87, p=0.01). For those who did not develop outcome II, the mean AI was also higher than those who did (14.4±2.2 vs.13.5±2.3, HR=0.67, CI=0.44-1.00, p=0.05). Conclusions: The 5-year renal survival of current series, in terms of ESRD/death, was 80% and this was not as favorable as those reported in the other investigations. High activity index at biopsy is a predictor of favorable prognosis of long-term renal outcomes in case that aggressive treatment had been given.

Is Antiphospholipid Antibody Related to Outcome of Lupus Nephritis?-A 2-year Analysis

Objective: To investigate the impact of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLA) on renal outcome in lupus nephritis (LN). Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review study of patients with biopsy-proven LN was conducted between 1986 and 2007 at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Kaohsiung. All of the patients fulfilled the systemic lupus erythematosus classification criteria of the American College of Rheumatology and had histopathological findings compatible with LN. Only those patients whose aPLA, including anti-cardiolipin antibody, anti-β2GPI antibody, Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test, and lupus anticoagulant had been checked were recruited. We reviewed the charts and collected the demographics, clinical characteristics, serological parameters, and treatment courses of the patients recruited. The renal outcome end point was either end-stage renal disease or doubling of serum creatinine within 24 months Results: A total of 66 subjects were recruited, including 55 females and 11 males. The mean age was 30.5±11.1 years. aPLA was present in 18 patients (27.3%) (group I), and 48 patients (72.7%) (group II) had negative test results. The seropositive ratios of anti-dsDNA and anti-RNP in group I were significantly higher (p=0.023 and 0.026) than in group II, respectively. There was no statistical difference in other parameters between the groups. The subjects in group I had a more favorable (p=0.038) renal outcome after 2 years of follow-up. Conclusions: Contradictory to previous studies, the presence of aPLA in patients with LN is probably associated with a better renal outcome.

Myelitis in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Objective: Myelitis is a rare but severe neurologic presentation of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Few large-scale retrospective cohort studies have been conducted, especially in Taiwan; therefore, we designed a retrospective study to investigate the disease parameters, treatment, and prognosis of myelitis in southern Taiwan. Methods: We reviewed medical records of patients with SLE who were evaluated at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center between January 1998 and January 2009. A total of 10 patients with myelopathy were included in the study. Neurologic variables and serologic features of SLE were assessed. Magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the spine and cerebrospinal fluid profiles were collected. We also analyzed the treatment and outcome of myelitis. Results: The cohort of 10 patients included 8 females (80%) and 2 males (20%). Three patients (30%) were initially admitted under the tentative impression of urinary tract infection (UTI). In 8 patients diagnosed with myelitis using MRI, 7 patients (88%) had increased T2 MRI signal intensity over the cervical and upper thoracic spinal area. Treatment regimens included conventional high-dose glucocorticoid, pulse methylprednisolone, cyclophosphamide, and plasma exchange. Six patients (60%) had a poor outcome. Additional cyclophosphamide was used in 5 patients and 3 of them (60%) had a good outcome. Conclusion: SLE patients, who contracted myelitis, presented with possible urinary difficulty and were admitted under the tentative impression of UTI. Besides, the most frequent site of lupus myelitis is the cervical to upper thoracic spinal area. Treatment with high-dose glucocorticoid and cyclophosphamide may be related to a better outcome compared to those without using cyclophosphamide.