Yueh-Ling Hsieh

Remote Influences of Acupuncture on the Pain Intensity and the Amplitude Changes of Endplate Noise in the Myofascial Trigger Point of the Upper Trapezius Muscle

OBJECTIVE To investigate the remote effect of acupuncture on the pain intensity and the endplate noise (EPN) recorded from a myofascial trigger point (MTrP) of the upper trapezius muscle. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING University hospital. PARTICIPANTS Patients (N=20) with active MTrPs in upper trapezius muscles and no experience in acupuncture therapy. INTERVENTIONS Patients were divided into 2 groups. Those in the control group received sham acupuncture, and those in the acupuncture group received modified acupuncture therapy with needle insertion into multiple loci to elicit local twitch responses. The acupuncture points of Wai-guan and Qu-chi were treated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Subjective pain intensity (numerical pain rating scale) and mean EPN amplitude in the MTrP of the upper trapezius muscle. RESULTS The pain intensity in the MTrP was significantly reduced after remote acupuncture (from 7.4+/-0.8 to 3.3+/-1.1; P<.001), but not after sham acupuncture (from 7.4+/-0.8 to 7.1+/-0.9; P>.05). The mean EPN amplitude was significantly lower than the pretreatment level after acupuncture treatment (from 21.3+/-9.5 microV to 9.5+/-3.5 microV; P<.01), but not after sham acupuncture treatment (from 19.6+/-7.6 microV to 19.3+/-7.8 microV; P>.05). The change in the pain intensity was significantly correlated with the change of EPN amplitude (r=0.685). CONCLUSIONS Both subjective changes in the pain intensity and objective changes of the EPN amplitude in the MTrP region of the upper trapezius muscle were found during and after acupuncture treatment at the remote ipsilateral acupuncture points. This study may further clarify the physiological basis of the remote effectiveness of acupuncture therapy for pain control.

Low‐level laser therapy alleviates neuropathic pain and promotes function recovery in rats with chronic constriction injury: Possible involvements in hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α)

Nerve inflammation plays an important role in the development and progression of neuropathic pain after chronic constrictive injury (CCI). Recent studies have indicated that hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) is crucial in inflammation. Low‐level laser therapy has been used in treating musculoskeletal pain, but rare data directly support its use for neuropathic pain. We investigated the effects of low‐level laser on the accumulation of HIF‐1α, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) in controlling neuropathic pain, as well as on the activation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in promoting functional recovery in a rat CCI model. CCI was induced by placing four loose ligatures around the sciatic nerve of rats. Treatments of low‐level laser (660 nm, 9 J/cm2) or sham irradiation (0 J/cm2) were performed at the CCI sites for 7 consecutive days. The effects of laser in animals with CCI were determined by measuring the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold, as well as the sciatic, tibial, and peroneal function indices. Histopathological and immunoassay analyses were also performed. Low‐level laser therapy significantly improved paw withdrawal threshold and the sciatic, tibial, and peroneal functional indices after CCI. The therapy also significantly reduced the overexpressions of HIF‐1α, TNF‐α, and IL‐1β, and increased the amounts of VEGF, NGF, and S100 proteins. In conclusion, a low‐level laser could modulate HIF‐1α activity. Moreover, it may also be used as a novel and clinically applicable therapeutic approach for the improvement of tissue hypoxia/ischemia and inflammation in nerve entrapment neuropathy, as well as for the promotion of nerve regeneration. These findings might lead to a sufficient morphological and functional recovery of the peripheral nerve. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2903–2916, 2012.

Spinal Cord Mechanism Involving the Remote Effects of Dry Needling on the Irritability of Myofascial Trigger Spots in Rabbit Skeletal Muscle

OBJECTIVE To elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying the remote effects produced by dry needling rabbit skeletal muscle myofascial trigger spots (MTrSs) via analyses of their endplate noise (EPN) recordings. DESIGN Experimental animal controlled trial. SETTING An animal laboratory of a university. ANIMALS Male New Zealand rabbits (N=96) (body weight, 2.5-3.0kg; age, 16-20wk). INTERVENTION Animals received no intervention for neural interruption in group I, transection of the tibial nerve in group II, transection of L5 and L6 spinal cord in group III, and transection of the T1 and T2 spinal cord in group IV. Each group was further divided into 4 subgroups: animals received ipsilateral dry needling, contralateral dry needling, ipsilateral sham needling, or contralateral sham needling of gastrocnemius MTrSs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES EPN amplitudes of biceps femoris (BF) MTrSs. RESULTS BF MTrS mean EPN amplitudes significantly increased (P<.05) initially after gastrocnemius verum needling but reduced to a level significantly lower (P<.05) than the preneedling level in groups I and IV with ipsilateral dry needling or contralateral dry needling, and in group II with contralateral dry needling (but not ipsilateral dry needling). No significant EPN amplitude changes were observed in BF MTrS in group III or in the control animals receiving superficial needling (sham). CONCLUSION This remote effect of dry needling depends on an intact afferent pathway from the stimulating site to the spinal cord and a normal spinal cord function at the levels corresponding to the innervation of the proximally affected muscle.

Dry Needling at Myofascial Trigger Spots of Rabbit Skeletal Muscles Modulates the Biochemicals Associated with Pain, Inflammation, and Hypoxia

Background and Purpose. Dry needling is an effective therapy for the treatment of pain associated with myofascial trigger point (MTrP). However, the biochemical effects of dry needling that are associated with pain, inflammation, and hypoxia are unclear. This study investigated the activities of β-endorphin, substance P, TNF-α, COX-2, HIF-1α, iNOS, and VEGF after different dosages of dry needling at the myofascial trigger spots (MTrSs) of a skeletal muscle in rabbit. Materials and Methods. Dry needling was performed either with one dosage (1D) or five dosages (5D) into the biceps femoris with MTrSs in New Zealand rabbits. Biceps femoris, serum, and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were sampled immediately and 5 d after dry needling for β-endorphin, substance P, TNF-α, COX-2, HIF-1α, iNOS, and VEGF immunoassays. Results. The 1D treatment enhanced the β-endorphin levels in the biceps femoris and serum and reduced substance P in the biceps femoris and DRG. The 5D treatment reversed these effects and was accompanied by increase of TNF-α, COX-2, HIF-1α, iNOS, and VEGF production in the biceps femoris. Moreover, the higher levels of these biochemicals were still maintained 5 d after treatment. Conclusion. Dry needling at the MTrSs modulates various biochemicals associated with pain, inflammation, and hypoxia in a dose-dependent manner.

Electrophysiologic Effects of a Therapeutic Laser on Myofascial Trigger Spots of Rabbit Skeletal Muscles

Chen K-H, Hong C-Z, Kuo F-C, Hsu H-C, Hsieh Y-L: Electrophysiologic effects of a therapeutic laser on myofascial trigger spots of rabbit skeletal muscles. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2008;87:1006–1014. Objective:To better understand the mechanisms of therapeutic lasers for treating human myofascial trigger points, we designed a blinded controlled study of the effects of a therapeutic laser on the prevalence of endplate noise (EPN) recorded from the myofascial trigger spot (MTrS) of rabbit skeletal muscle. Design:In eight rabbits, one MTrS in each biceps femoris muscle was irradiated with a 660-nm, continuous-wave, gallium–aluminum–arsenate (GaAlAs) laser, at 9 J/cm2. The contralateral side of muscle was treated with a sham laser. Each rabbit received six treatments. The immediate and cumulative effects were assessed by the prevalence of EPN with electromyographic (EMG) recordings after the first and last treatments. Results:Compared with pretreatment values, the percentages of EPN prevalence in the experimental side after the first and last treatments were significantly reduced (P < 0.01 for both). The change in EPN prevalence in the experimental side was significantly greater than in the control side immediately after the first and last treatments (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were noted between the first and last treatments (P > 0.05). Conclusions:In our study, immediate and cumulative effects of a GaAlAs laser applied on MTrS were demonstrated on the basis of the assessment of EPN prevalence. It seems that laser irradiation may inhibit the irritability of an MTrS in rabbit skeletal muscle. This effect may be a possible mechanism for myofascial pain relief with laser therapy.

Electrophysiological assessment of acupuncture points.

Kao M-J, Hsieh Y-L, Kuo F-J, Hong C-Z: Electrophysiological assessment of acupuncture points. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2006;85:443–448. Objective:This study was designed to assess the occurrence of end plate noise (EPN) in an acupuncture point (AcP). Design:Ten male and 10 female normal volunteers were included in this study. For each subject, mapping of the distribution of EPN loci in an AcP region of Stomach-36 in one leg selected randomly, and also in a nearby non-AcP region in the other leg as a control, was performed with electromyographic recordings. Results:There were significantly more EPN loci in the AcP region of Stomach-36 than in the non-AcP region near this AcP. Whenever the searching needle approached an EPN locus, the subjects always felt pain, soreness, or an unpleasant sensation. This feeling was rarely reported when no EPN was recorded from any site in either an AcP region or a non-AcP region. After electromyographic study, every AcP was confirmed as a myofascial trigger point. Conclusions:Similar to the distribution of EPN loci in an MTrP region, significantly more EPN loci can be identified in an AcP region of Stomach-36 than in a nearby non-AcP site. This study provides additional support to the hypothesis that some AcPs are also myofascial trigger points.

Remote Therapeutic Effectiveness of Acupuncture in Treating Myofascial Trigger Point of the Upper Trapezius Muscle

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the remote effect of acupuncture (AcP) on the pain intensity and the irritability of the myofascial trigger point in the upper trapezius muscle. Design: Forty-five patients were equally divided into three groups: patients in the placebo control group received sham AcP, those in the simple needling group were treated using simple needling, and those in the modified AcP received AcP with the rapid “screwed in and out” into multiple sites to elicit local twitch responses. The acupoints of Wai-guan and Qu-chi were treated. The outcome assessments included changes in subjective pain intensity, pressure pain threshold, range of motion, and mean amplitude of endplate noise in the myofascial trigger point region. Results: Immediately after acupuncture, all measured parameters improved significantly in the simple needling and modified AcP groups, but not in the placebo control group. There were significantly larger changes in all parameters in the modified AcP group than that in the simple needling group. Conclusions: The myofascial trigger point irritability could be suppressed after a remote acupuncture treatment. It appears that needling to the remote AcP points with multiple needle insertions of modified AcP technique is a better technique than simple needling insertion of simple needling technique in terms of the decrease in pain intensity and prevalence of endplate noise and the increase in pressure pain threshold in the needling sites (represented either AcP points and or myofascial trigger points). We have further confirmed that the reduction in endplate noise showed good correlation with a decreased in pain.

Hyaluronan modulates accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and matrix metalloproteinase-3 in the synovium of rat adjuvant-induced arthritis model

IntroductionHypoxia is a feature of the inflamed synovium in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Intra-articular injection of hyaluronan (HA) may be considered a potential way to treat RA. However, the exact molecular mechanism of HA on decreased cellular responses to hypoxic environment is unclear. The present study has been designed to use the adjuvant-induced arthritis model to examine the effects of HA on the changes of immunohistochemical expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3) in the synovial tissues at the early phase of arthritic inflammation.MethodsMonoarthritis was induced in adult male Sprague-Dawley (250-300 g) via intraarticular injection of complete Freunds adjuvant (CFA) into the tibiotarsal joint. The CFA-induction arthritis animals were divided into three groups: treatment (intraarticular injection of HA), placebo (intraarticular injection of saline) and controls (no treatments). Functional evaluations of edema and pain behavior, histology, and HIF-1alpha, iNOS, and MMP3 immunohistochemistry were performed before, after the first injection, three injections, and on the follow-up injection of the treatments.ResultsIntra-articular injection of HA also significantly suppressed the mechanical allodynia (p < 0.001) and overexpressions of HIF-1alpha (p < 0.001), iNOS (p = 0.004) and MMP3 (p < 0.001) immunoreactivity in synovium.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that early intervention of HA is an effective protection against accumulation of inflammation-induced HIF-1alpha, iNOS, and MMP3 to limit erosive damage in CFA-induced model of arthritis.

Synergistic effects of low‐level laser and mesenchymal stem cells on functional recovery in rats with crushed sciatic nerves

Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been proposed to exert beneficial effects on peripheral nerve regeneration after a peripheral nerve injury, but the functional recovery in the denervated limb is still limited. In this study, we used low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) as an adjunct therapy for MSC transplantation on the functional recovery of crushed sciatic nerve in rats. Peripheral nerve injury was induced in 48 Sprague–Dawley rats by crushing the unilateral sciatic nerve, using a vessel clamp. The animals with crushed injury were randomly divided into four groups: control group, with no treatment; MSC group, treated with MSC alone; LLLT group, treated with LLLT alone; and MSCLLLT group, treated with a combination of MSC and LLLT. The sciatic function index (SFI), vertical activity of locomotion (VA) and ankle angle (AA) of rats were examined for functional assessments after treatment. Electrophysiological, morphological and S100 immunohistochemical studies were also conducted. The MSCLLLT group showed a greater recovery in SFI, VA and AA, with significant difference from MSC, LLLT and control groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, markedly enhanced electrophysiological function and expression of S100 immunoreactivity, as well as fewer inflammatory cells and less vacuole formation were also demonstrated after nerve crush injury in the MSCLLLT group when compared with the groups receiving a single treatment (p < 0.05). MSC transplantation combined with LLLT could achieve better results in functional recovery than a conventional treatment of MSC or LLLT alone. LLLT has a synergistic effect in providing greater functional recovery with MSC transplantation after nerve crush injury. Copyright

Mechanical pain sensitivity of deep tissues in children - possible development of myofascial trigger points in children

BackgroundIt is still unclear when latent myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) develop during early life. This study is designed to investigate the mechanical pain sensitivity of deep tissues in children in order to see the possible timing of the development of latent MTrPs and attachment trigger points (A-TrPs) in school children.MethodsFive hundreds and five healthy school children (age 4- 11 years) were investigated. A pressure algometer was used to measure the pressure pain threshold (PPT) at three different sites in the brachioradialis muscle: the lateral epicondyle at elbow (site A, assumed to be the A-TrP site), the mid-point of the muscle belly (site B, assumed to be the MTrP site), and the muscle-tendon junction as a control site (site C).ResultsThe results showed that, for all children in this study, the mean PPT values was significantly lower (p < 0.05) at the assumed A-TrP site (site A) than at the other two sites, and was significantly lower (p < 0.05) at the assumed MTrP site (site B) than at the control site (site C). These findings are consistent if the data is analyzed for different genders, different dominant sides, and different activity levels.ConclusionsIt is concluded that a child had increased sensitivity at the tendon attachment site and the muscle belly (endplate zone) after age of 4 years. Therefore, it is likely that a child may develop an A-Trp and a latent MTrP at the brachioradialis muscle after the age of 4 years. The changes in sensitivity, or the development for these trigger points, may not be related to the activity level of children aged 7-11 years. Further investigation is still required to indentify the exact timing of the initial occurrence of a-Trps and latent MTrPs.