Yuji Kudo

A partial short arm deletion of chromosome 20∶46, XY, del(20)(p11)

SummaryWe have identified a partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 20 in a 5-year-old boy from parents having normal phenotype and karyotype. His major anomalies were mild mental retardation, congenital heart disease, chest deformity, spina bifida, kyphoscoliosis, inguinal hernia, and preauricular fistula. The clinical findings were compared with those of two patients reported previously as a partial deletion 20p.The activity of adenosine deaminase in the patients red blood cells was within normal range, suggesting that the gene locus for the enzyme, which has been previously assigned to chromosome 20, may not present on p11→pter of chromosome 20.

Scaling Analysis on Pulsating Flame Spread over Liquids

Scaling analyses based on subsurface layer instability were performed to explore the role of three independent (surface tension, gravity, and viscosity) influences on the mechanism of pulsating flame spread under normal and microgravity conditions. These three influences form two independent pi-numbers: the Marangoni (Ma) number and Grashof (Gr) number, which include the characteristic length scale ratio (depth of subsurface circulation)/(horizontal length of preheated liquid surface). The Prandtl (Pr) number was introduced to compensate for the different thermal diffusivity and kinematic viscosity of different liquids. Also a nondimensional flame spread rate, (= , where is the quenching distance and is the diffusivity of fuel vapor) was introduced. Using these nondimensional parameters, the flame spread mechanism was divided into two separate regimes: for the shallow liquid pool the nondimensional flame spread rate was correlated with , while for the deep liquid pool it was correlated with .

Propagation and extinction mechanisms of opposed-flow flame spread over PMMA

To understand the propagation and the extinction mechanisms of spreading flame along a solid fuel, opposed-flow flame spread along a thick polymethyl methacrylate slab was experimentally investigated for several airflow rates from 0 to 0.67 m/s. The detailed temperature structure during flame spread near the flame leading edge was measured using holographic interferometry and IR thermography. The particletract laser sheet (PTLS) technique was employed to measure the local entrainment velocity to the flame front at the leading edge. This study found that the flame spread rate with a constant speed is proportional to the net total heat transfer rate. The heat transfer rate from the gas phase, Qy, is about 60% of the total heat transfer rate, QT, in the no imposed flow condition (u=0m/s). However, the heat transfer rate through the condensed phase, Qx, is over 80% of QT in the opposed flow near the extinction limit ( u ¯ ≈ 0.65 m / s ) . The radiative heat loss from the surface, QR, increases with increasing opposed-flow rate and reaches at most 13% of QT at u ¯ ≈ 0.65 m / s . In spite of enough heat feedback to the condensed phase near the flame leading edge, the flame spread rate rapidly decreases close to the extinction limit. In order to interpret the extinction mechanism, we introduce the burning rate at the finite flame sheet with finite chemical reaction rate. The PTLS result shows that the local entrainment velocity at the flame leading edge increases with increasing opposed-flow rate. When the local entrainment velocity exceeds the burning rate at the leading edge, the flame may not be sustained. The flame retreats and finally it is extinguished.

Simultaneous measurement of temperature and chemical species concentrations with a holographic interferometer and infrared absorption.

What is believed to be a new technique that allows for the simultaneous measurement of 2D temperature and chemical species concentration profiles with high spatial resolution and fast time response was developed and tested successfully by measuring a thin layer of fuel vapor created over a volatile fuel surface. Normal propanol was placed in an open-top rectangular container, and n-propanol fuel vapor was formed over the propanol surface in a quiescent laboratory environment. An IR beam with a wavelength of 8-13 mum emitted from a heated plate and a He-Ne laser beam with a wavelength of 632 nm were combined and passed through the n-propanol vapor layer, and both beams were absorbed by the vapor layer. The absorption of the IR beam was recorded by an IR camera, and the He-Ne laser was used to form a holographic interferogram. Two-dimensional temperature and propanol vapor concentration profiles were, respectively, determined by the IR absorption and the fringe pattern associated with the holographic interferogram. This new measurement technique is a significant improvement over the dual wavelength holographic interferometry that has been used previously to measure temperature and fuel concentration, and it is ready for application under different types of fire and flame conditions.

Scaling Sub-Surface Layer Circulation Induced by Pulsating Flame Spread over Liquid Fuels

The pulsating flame spread over liquid fuels consists of main-pulsation with 0.5 to 2 Hz frequency and sub-pulsation with 5 to 10 Hz frequency. The former originates in existence of a cold temperature valley at the liquid surface ahead of the spreading flame. The cold temperature valley is formed by the surface wave in connection with a sub-surface layer circulation. In this study, the instability analysis for the liquid surface ahead of a flame leading edge was performed to clarify the onset of surface wave. Moreover the effect of gravity on surface wave generation was examined. The theoretical result shows that the onset of surface wave is firstly controlled by Marangoni force and secondary by buoyancy force. The critical condition for onset of surface wave was expressed to the non-dimensional form. Three dimensionless parameters, the Marangoni number, the Weber number and the Froude number include the ratio, ħ/L, of the characteristic length, L, and the depth, ħ, of sub-surface layer circulation (shown in Fig. 1). F1 The circulation scale for seven different thickness of liquid fuel from 2 to 20 mm was measured using a schlieren photograph and thermography. The ratio, ħ/L, decreases with decreasing fuel layer thickness less than 5 mm and consists to μg condition at the fuel layer thickness of 3 mm.

Backdraft Experiments in a Small Compartment

This paper describes results of preliminary backdraft experiments in a 0.85 m high, 0.78 m wide, 1.08 m long compartment, a roughly one third scale residential room. Each surface of the compartment was made with two layers of insulation board to obtain a highly insulated condition. The compartment had a small opening in the middle of the front wall to realize a low-ventilation condition. Interior wall surfaces including the ceiling were partially or fully covered with 12 mm thick wood to simulate a room fire. This wood was the fuel for the fire. A total of 17 experiments were carried out to find backdraft occurrence conditions for the low-ventilation, highly insulated compartment, and to understand backdraft phenomena.

A Study of Prognosis of Idiopathic Aplastic Anemia in Childhood —A Trial of Presentina Severity in Score System—

The severity and the prognosis are varied among cases with aplastic anemia, but decreased total hematopoiesis and no responsiveness to any hematopoietic drugs are common. Recent advances in the therapy of aplastic anemia have brought about to some extent improvement in clinical course and some increase of cases surviving. But a great many cases remain still sever and intractable, and die within a short period from the onset. It is important to make sure the differences of clinical features between cases with long survival and intractable cases and the factors affecting the prognosis. From this viewpoint the present study was undertaken to evaluate the hematologic findings affecting the prognosis of idiopathic aplastic anemia in 13 children who consisted of 5 dead and 8 survival cases (Aged: from 2. to 14 years, 5 males and 8 females). Survival time was 7-60 days in the dead cases and over 1 1 /4 years in the survivors who had favorable clinical course. There were no significant differences in values of RBC, platelets of peripheral blood, bleeding time and serum iron between the dead cases and the survivors. Peripheral reticulocyte counts were lower (5000/cmm) in almost of the dead cases than in the survivors without statistical significance. Significant increase of peripheral WBC and lymphocytes (P<O.O5 and P<O.O1 respectively) and decrease of neutrophils (P<O.Ol) were found in the dead cases in contrast with the survivors. In bone marrow analysis the most distinctive difference between the dead cases and the survivors was found in percentage of lymphocytes. All the dead cases showed marked lymphocytosis (over than 83%). Counts of erythroid or myeloid series were not different between the dead cases and the survivors. As a trial of evaluation of hematopoiesis some relationship of the percentage of lym-

Erythrocyte Adenosine Deaminase in Children with Several Disease (Chiefly in Children with Congenital Heart Diseases)

Adenosine deaminase (AD) has been shown to catalyze the deamination of adenosine to inosine. Erythrocyte AD has recently been studied in relation to the colonary dilating action of adenosine which is excreted from the heart tissue into the blood in an adaptation mechanism to hypoxia. If a high activity of erythrocyte AD is present, the effect of adenosine to dilate colonary artery may be inhibited. In this report erythrocyte AD was studied in 141 children 0-15 years of age who mostly suffered from congenital heart diseases (CHD). The result revealed no enzymatic alteration by age or sex. CHD without cyanosis showed a high activity of erythrocyte AD for the values of the normal control and CHD with cyanosis. Especially ventricular septa1 defect (VSD) showed a high activity of this enzyme (P<O.OOl) and there was no correlation between the activity of this enzyme and the severity of the disease. Some of the patients with patent ductus arteriosus also showed a high activity of this enzyme. A distinctly high enzymatic activity was found in Down syndrome (P<O.OOl). A high enzymatic activity of this enzyme in VSD, although it had no relation to the severity of this disease, might be a handicap in the metabolism of the heart muscle, as it would weaken the colonary artery dilation through decreasing of the concentration of adenosine in the vessel by this enzyme. It is not Certain whether or not a high enzymatic activity of this enzyme causes hypoplasia of ventricular septum; however it may be a factor which leads to a congestive heart failure because of insufficient supply of oxygen to the hypertrophied heart tissue. The cause of a high activity of this enzyme in both VSD and Down syndrom is unknown, but it suggests the possibility of congenital origin.

The Effect of Glucocorticoid on Erythropoiesis

Effect of Glucocorticoid on Erythropoiesis