Yukio Uchiyama

Long-term results of gamma knife surgery for growth hormone—producing pituitary adenoma: is the disease difficult to cure?

OBJECT The authors conducted a study to determine the long-term results of gamma knife surgery for residual or recurrent growth hormine (GH)-producing pituitary adenomas and to compare the results with those after treatment of other pituitary adenomas. METHODS The series consisted of 67 patients. The mean tumor diameter was 19.2 mm and volume was 5.4 cm3. The mean maximum dose was 35.3 Gy and the mean margin dose was 18.9 Gy. The mean follow-up duration was 63.3 months (range 13-142 months). The tumor resolution rate was 2%, the response rate 68.3%, and the control rate 100%. Growth hormone normalization (GH < 1.0 ng/ml) was found in 4.8%, nearly normal (< 2.0 ng/ml) in 11.9%, significantly decreased (< 5.0 ng/ml) in 23.8%, decreased in 21.4%, unchanged in 21.4%, and increased in 16.7%. Serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 was significantly decreased (IGF-1 < 400 ng/ml) in 40.7%, decreased in 29.6%, unchanged in 18.5%, and increased in 11.1%, which was almost parallel to the GH changes. CONCLUSIONS Gamma knife surgery was effective and safe for the control of tumors; however, normalization of GH and IGF-1 secretion was difficult to achieve in cases with large tumors and low-dose radiation. Gamma knife radiosurgery is thus indicated for small tumors after surgery or medication therapy when a relatively high-dose radiation is required.

Assessment of spatial uncertainties in the radiotherapy process with the Novalis system.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a new version of the ExacTrac X-ray (ETX) system with statistical analysis retrospectively in order to determine the tolerance of systematic components of spatial uncertainties with the Novalis system. METHODS AND MATERIALS Three factors of geometrical accuracy related to the ETX system were evaluated by phantom studies. First, location dependency of the detection ability of the infrared system was evaluated. Second, accuracy of the automated calculation by the image fusion algorithm in the patient registration software was evaluated. Third, deviation of the coordinate scale between the ETX isocenter and the mechanical isocenter was evaluated. From the values of these examinations and clinical experiences, the total spatial uncertainty with the Novalis system was evaluated. RESULTS As to the location dependency of the detection ability of the infrared system, the detection errors between the actual position and the detected position were 1% in translation shift and 0.1 degrees in rotational angle, respectively. As to the accuracy of patient verification software, the repeatability and the coincidence of the calculation value by image fusion were good when the contrast of the X-ray image was high. The deviation of coordinates between the ETX isocenter and the mechanical isocenter was 0.313 +/- 0.024 mm, in a suitable procedure. CONCLUSIONS The spatial uncertainty will be less than 2 mm when suitable treatment planning, optimal patient setup, and daily quality assurance for the Novalis system are achieved in the routine workload.

Stereotactic Imaging for Radiosurgery: Localization Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron Emission Tomography Compared with Computed Tomography

Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) provide complementary information for treatment planning in stereotactic radiosurgery. We evaluated the localization accuracy of MRI and PET compared with CT. Two kinds of phantoms applicable to the Leksell G stereotactic skull frame (Elekta, Tokyo) were developed. Deviations of measured coordinates at target points (x = 50, 100, 150; y = 50, 100, 150) were determined on different axial planes (z = 30–140 for MRI and CT study and Z = 50–120 for PET and CT study). For MRI, the deviations were no more than 0.8 mm in each direction. For PET, the deviations were no more than 2.7 mm. For both imaging modalities studied, accuracy was at or below the imaging resolution (pixel size) and should be considered useful for clinical stereotactic planning purposes.

Geometric accuracy of 3D coordinates of the Leksell stereotactic skull frame in 1.5 Tesla- and 3.0 Tesla-magnetic resonance imaging: a comparison of three different fixation screw materials

We assessed the geometric distortion of 1.5-Tesla (T) and 3.0-T magnetic resonance (MR) images with the Leksell skull frame system using three types of cranial quick fixation screws (QFSs) of different materials—aluminum, aluminum with tungsten tip, and titanium—for skull frame fixation. Two kinds of acrylic phantoms were placed on a Leksell skull frame using the three types of screws, and were scanned with computed tomography (CT), 1.5-T MR imaging and 3.0-T MR imaging. The 3D coordinates for both strengths of MR imaging were compared with those for CT. The deviations of the measured coordinates at selected points (x = 50, 100 and 150; y = 50, 100 and 150) were indicated on different axial planes (z = 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150). The errors of coordinates with QFSs of aluminum, tungsten-tipped aluminum, and titanium were <1.0, 1.0 and 2.0 mm in the entire treatable area, respectively, with 1.5 T. In the 3.0-T field, the errors with aluminum QFSs were <1.0 mm only around the center, while the errors with tungsten-tipped aluminum and titanium were >2.0 mm in most positions. The geometric accuracy of the Leksell skull frame system with 1.5-T MR imaging was high and valid for clinical use. However, the geometric errors with 3.0-T MR imaging were larger than those of 1.5-T MR imaging and were acceptable only with aluminum QFSs, and then only around the central region.

New Treatment Strategy for Craniopharyngioma using Gamma Knife Radiosurgery

One hundred craniopharyngioma cases were treated by Gamma Knife and followed-up for a mean of 65.5 (6-148) months. Mean tumor diameter and volume were 18.8mm and 3.8 ml. The tumors were treated with

[Effect of source positional discrepancy on dose and dose distributions in cobalt-60 stereotactic radiosurgery units].

We assessed the impact of source positional discrepancy on dose and dose distributions in Gamma Knife (GK) Perfexion (PFX) stereotactic radiosurgery. A spherical phantom dedicated in GK machine was used and irradiated by 2 Gy in each position moved at an interval of 0.1 mm from its original position using three types of collimators (4, 8, 16 mm) to evaluate the changes of dose. In addition, to obtain the dose distributions, radiochromic film was inserted in the phantom and irradiated by 6 Gy in each position moved at an interval of 1 mm from its original position using three types of collimators. A distance-to-agreement analysis (DTA) was performed to compare isodose lines from 10% to 90% of dose distributions between the original and deviated position. As a result, when the source moved toward the discrepancy from the center of the collimator, the dose and dose distributions discrepancies increased according to the degree of discrepancy. Especially in 4-mm collimator, 0.5 mm discrepancy caused dose reduction of 5%. On the other hand, 0.5 mm discrepancy showed merely dose differences less than 0.5% in 8 mm and 16 mm collimators. Regarding dose distributions, 1 mm discrepancy in all collimators showed little changes in DTA within 1 mm on average.

Validation and analysis of dose distributions in a new and entirely redesigned cobalt-60 stereotactic radiosurgery units.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of dose distributions in stereotactic treatment planning throughout Gamma Knife (GK) stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) procedures in both GK model C and Perfexion (PFX). An originally-developed phantom and a radiochromic film were used for obtaining actual dose distributions. The phantom, with inserted films, was placed on a Leksell skull frame. Computed tomography (CT) was then acquired with a stereotactic localizer box attached to the frame, dose planning was made using the Leksell GammaPlan treatment planning system, and the phantom was ended up as beam delivery on an equal with clinical radiosurgery process. The reproducibility of the dose plan was provided by distance to agreement (DTA) values between planned and irradiated dose distributions calculated by dedicated film analysis software. The DTA values were determined for the isodose lines at 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% of the maximum dose. In our study, the reproducibility of dose distributions in GK PFX was lower than in GK model C. As the results common to both units, the mean values of middle dose area (50% isodose) were about half the values of high (90% isodose) and low (30% isodose) dose area. Therefore validation of dose distributions is absolutely essential in commissioning of GK PFX. In addition, when risk organs are close to the target, dose prescription should be normalized for middle isodose line.