Yuko Nakase

A Case of Anaphylactic Reaction Following Matsutake Mushroom Ingestion: Demonstration of Histamine Release Reaction of Basophils

BACKGROUND Matsutake mushroom is not recognized as a common food allergen. However, several case reports have suggested that this mushroom can induce anaphylaxis on rare occasions. CASE SUMMARY We report a woman with bronchial asthma, who experienced two episodes of Matsutake-induced anaphylaxis. Both the prick-to-prick test and basophil histamine release test showed positive reactions to this mushroom in this patient, but not in control subjects. DISCUSSION Matsutake mushroom can, on rare occasions, cause anaphylaxis in sensitized people, a reaction so far observed only in Japan. Not ony the in vivo prick-to-prick test but also the in vitro basophil activation test utilizing the patients blood represent useful methods for allergen identification and also for identification of sensitized subjects.

The in vitro Effects of Advanced Glycation End Products on Basophil Functions

Background: Basophils are thought to play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of allergic reactions, but their roles in inflammation associated with systemic abnormalities such as metabolic disorders remain largely unknown. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are potentially important substances produced in high-glucose disease conditions. In this in vitro study, we investigated whether the biological functions of human basophils can be influenced by AGEs. Methods: We analyzed the effects of AGEs on various functions and markers of human basophils, including CD11b expression, apoptosis, degranulation, and cytokine production. Results: Flow cytometric analysis indicated that the level of the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) on the surface of freshly isolated basophils was very low but was clearly upregulated by IL-3. Apoptosis of basophils was induced by high concentrations of glycated albumin. Although glycated albumin failed to affect the level of surface CD11b expression or to trigger degranulation or production of IL-4 and IL-13 in basophils, it dose-dependently induced IL-6 and IL-8 secretion. Conclusions: AGEs seem to act on human basophils; they suppress the cells’ longevity but elicit secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Through these biological changes, basophils might play some roles in inflammatory conditions associated with metabolic disorders presenting elevated levels of AGEs.

The basophil activation test identified carminic acid as an allergen inducing anaphylaxis

T0 THE EDITOR: In the autumn of 2011, a 39-year-old Japanese woman was referred for evaluation of allergic reactions after ingestion of a commercial bottled supplement that contained vitamin Bs and C and fruit flavors. The reactions occurred 3 times, at 1-month intervals. The first 2 episodes were mild and consisted of an itchy throat and localized hives on her lower extremities. However, after drinking the aforementioned supplement every day for 3 months, she manifested more severe symptoms of anaphylactic shock, with an itchy throat, generalized urticaria, diarrhea, and low blood pressure. Interestingly, each of the allergic reactions was associated with her menstrual period; the episodes occurred within 3 days before or after the beginning day of menstruation. Skin prick tests were negative for the supplement. An intradermal test showed that a 10-fold dilution of the solution was an irritating concentration that elicited reactions in the patient and all 4 of the tested controls; lower, nonirritating concentrations showed negative intradermal results. We then tried the in vitro basophil activation test (BAT), which analyzes surface activation marker CD203c expression on basophils. Importantly, the drink itself and, among its constituents, only cochineal dye gave clearly positive results in BAT with the use of the patient’s blood, but not nonallergic subjects’ blood. BAT was highly sensitive and selective, because obvious induction of basophil surface CD203c was observed with 10to 640-fold dilutions of the supplement, the corresponding dose of cochineal dye and its main constituent, carminic acid (purity 97%), but not with a protein extracted from Coccus cacti (Figure 1). In vitro sensitization experiments showed that carminic acideinduced basophil activation was IgE-mediated, because passive sensitization of a normal donor’s basophils by the patient’s serum was completely blocked by the presence of an antiIgE antibody, omalizumab (Figure 2). On the basis of these results, the patient was strongly discouraged from consuming drinks and foods that contained cochineal dye. She has subsequently experienced no further anaphylactic episodes. Although confirmatory challenge was unable to be performed to prove causation because the patient refused to undergo this test, on the basis of her BAT and the absence of anaphylaxis when she avoided carminic acid, we believe that carminic acid, in association with her menstrual cycle, was responsible for her anaphylaxis. Cochineal dye is usually regarded as a highly safe material, and it is widely used as a food additive and cosmetic ingredient. To date, type I allergy due to the dye, including anaphylaxis, urticarial, and occupational asthma, has been reported only occasionally. Allergy to cochineal dye is generally because of a hypersensitivity reaction to a contaminating protein (ie, CC38K, a phospholipase), whereas allergy to the main compound, carminic acid, is rare. Carminic acid is a relatively small molecule (molecular weight 492) that is thought to exhibit allergenicity as a protein-bound hapten. Although skin tests are usually sensitive and useful for allergen determination, they sometimes cause nonspecific skin stimulation. This limits the reliability of the tests, as in our present patient. Here, we were impressed by the finding that BAT accurately identified the allergen. That is, the test clearly showed that the patient’s own basophils, but not those of nonallergic donors, responded to highly pure carminic acid but not to a protein extracted from Coccus cacti. Furthermore, the patient’s basophils showed an obvious response to the allergen in BAT during menstruation, compared with the rest of the menstrual cycle (Figure 1, E); this result was in clear contrast to the absence of any menstruation-related enhancement of a response to polyclonal anti-IgE antibody. On the basis of these results, we believe that an in vitro BAT with the use of peripheral blood would be highly useful for analyzing cochineal dye-induced allergy. At present, we do not know the exact mechanism(s) underlying menstruation-associated changes in the basophil response; overnight culture of our patient’s cells with estradiol or progesterone at 1 mmol/L failed to modulate the response to carminic acid. Recent progress in the pathogenesis of allergies has strongly implicated not only mast cells but also basophils as being critically involved in several allergic responses. Flow cytometric assessment of surface markers, including CD203c, has enabled precise determination of the activation status of basophils. In regard to carminic acid-related allergy, our present results suggest that basophils are highly sensitive to this allergen and that the cells might behave as a key initiator/effector in vivo. Thus, future analyses of the basophil activation status during clinical anaphylaxis will be important for elucidating the involvement of this cell type in this allergic reaction.

Allergy to formaldehyde: basophil histamine-release test is useful for diagnosis.

We describe a case of formaldehyde-induced urticaria with a positive test result for serum IgE antibody against this substance. Formaldehydes slow protein-binding property may explain why basophil histamine-release tests using fresh formaldehyde solutions are not diagnostic, whereas the tests are useful if formaldehyde that had been stored with albumin is used.