Yushan Pan

Design of Digital Environments for Operations on Vessels

This paper reports on observations and interviews conducted through fieldwork at an offshore supply vessel to investigate offshore operational systems in use. The intention with the fieldwork was to get a better understanding of the knowledge and relationship that operators living in workspaces to use modern digital technologies. The findings are presented and analyzed through the lens of actor-network theory (ANT). The analysis shows that systems are involved in three main networks during different operations which I call host actor-network, parallel actor network and reconfigured host actor network. It also shows that these relationships contribute to dynamically changing safety issues on board, such as risky operations during tasks between the offshore support vessel and the oil platform. This paper addresses the critical issues of how different social, digital technologies and workspaces connected as networks affect the character of safety operations and the implications for the design of marine technology in workspaces and systems in a digital environment on a ship’s bridge.

Visualising Actor Network for Cooperative Systems in Marine Technology

Awareness is a concept familiar to specialists within the field of Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). It is superior for analysing and describing some of the ad hoc work activities that unfold in cooperation. Such informal activities are outside the scope of engineers’ formal models, which are created to tackle challenges concerning human activities and their social interactions with regards to safety concerns in operation. This paper draws on fieldwork conducted in a marine setting of offshore operations. It presents an attempt to visualise the importance of cooperative work activities that shape computer systems. The aim, thus, is to portray cooperative work in a way that can be valuable for engineers implementing marine technology. We do so by way of presenting a transferring technique (2T) using insights from the CSCW field and Actor Network Theory (ANT).

A comparative review of i ∗ -based and use case-based security modelling initiatives

Security requirements elicitation and modelling are integral for the successful development of secure systems. However, there are a lot of similar yet not identical approaches that currently exist for security requirements modelling, which is confusing for researchers and practitioners hence some characterisation will be useful to give a better overview and understanding of advantages and disadvantages of various approaches. This paper provides a comparative review of i*-based and use case - based security modelling initiatives, using a characterisation framework with several dimensions. Our findings show that both categories of initiatives have significant conceptual similarities in the aspect of modelling language and method process, and coverage of security requirements modelling notions. They have conceptual differences in the aspect of: representation perspective, kind of security requirements engineering activities that are supported, the quality of specification that is generated and the specification techniques used, and the degree of support for software evolution.

Using Actor Network to Enhance Maritime System Design

Designing a cooperative system in Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) is a description-oriented approach. Maritime engineer emphasizes that such an approach is inadequate to convey ‘how to solve problems’ although it can describe ‘what the problems are’. An approach called the Knowledge Transfer Technique (KTT) has recently been developed with the purpose of bridging the distance between the ‘how’ and the ‘what’ for the maritime engineering community. This article applies KTT to a maritime example in which a CSCW researcher and a maritime engineer cooperate to produce a system framework involving humans and their activities in machinery processes for designing cooperative systems. It highlights the CSCW designer to communicate better with the engineer. In turn, KTT has the potential to aid engineers in understanding how they can effectively implement engineering design in creating products to be used in cooperative material environments.

Cooperative systems for marine operations using actor-network design: A discussion

After discussing the roles of marine engineers and interaction designers from computer science (CS)/information systems (IS), I investigate issues with the aim of promoting better cooperative systems for maritime industries. As part of my research project, I have observed marine operations and interviewed bridge operators, captains, and crewmembers, as well as engine engineers in their workplace, in order to investigate how cooperative work occurs in current marine operational systems. Against the background of computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW), I look into how to improve systems to support safety-critical operations for offshore services at sea. Most safety-critical operations occur as part of cooperative operations and interactions between operators and systems. Engineers and interaction designers should cooperate to design cooperative systems with users in the early stages. However, there is not a common understanding between engineers and interaction designers regarding the meaning of cooperative work. In order to improve computer systems to support marine cooperative work, a new understanding of marine technology is necessary where design needs are met through the integration of engineering design, CS/IS theoretical thinking, and work practices. Human operators, systems, and materials used in workspaces are actors deeply lived in work environments; hence, I discuss a means of adopting Bannons concept of human actors toward the development of an actor-network design of cooperative systems.

From Offshore Operation to Onshore Simulator: Using Visualized Ethnographic Outcomes to Work with Systems Developers

This paper focuses on the process of translating insights from a Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)-based study, conducted on a vessel at sea, into a model that can assist systems developers working with simulators, which are used by vessel operators for training purposes on land. That is, the empirical study at sea brought about rich insights into cooperation, which is important for systems developers to know about and consider in their designs. In the paper, we establish a model that primarily consists of a ‘computational artifact’. The model is designed to support researchers working with systems developers. Drawing on marine examples, we focus on the translation process and investigate how the model serves to visualize work activities; how it addresses relations between technical and computational artifacts, as well as between functions in technical systems and functionalities in cooperative systems. In turn, we link design back to fieldwork studies.

Assessment of Relations Between Communications and Visual Focus in Dynamic Positioning Operations

Assessment of maritime training has been a growth in collaborations between nautical instructors and researchers in marine operations. Through a qualitative study and using eye tracking data, this paper presents a case study wherein the relations between communications and visual focus in dynamic positioning (DP) operations in maritime operations are examined. We investigated how communication and visual focus are related to DP operations in a team of marine operators. The results show that communications and visual focus do affect marine operations in the consistency, conciseness and maximum effect of communication skills through two rules—(1) the effectiveness of communications and visual information from eyes, (2) the goldfish memory skills for communications.

Tactile Cues For Ship Bridge Operations.

Current modes of conveying operational information on ship bridges are mainly in the form of visual and auditory sensory inputs. During safety critical situations, such as dynamic positioning (DP) operation, reliance on these two senses may be insufficient. In a DP operation the role of the DP operator is critical and most incidents happen due to lack of operator s situational awareness. Therefore exploitation of other sensory inputs in addition to visual and auditory must be investigated. This paper surveys recent research on response times of vibro-tactile, visual and auditory cues. The survey concludes that tactile cue always has shorter response time compared to other stimuli. And its combination with other cues such as visual and auditory can enhance the effectiveness of response time. Therefore new ship bridge developers should take this knowledge into account to increase design efficiency.