Yutaka Tonooka

Life-cycle emission of oxidic gases from power-generation systems

Life-cycle emissions of nitric oxide and sulphurous oxides from various types of electric-power generation systems have been estimated. Emissions from the process of building energy systems, as well as from the mining and transportation of the fuel were accounted for as well as the emissions from power stations. Two types of thermoelectric systems, namely a LNG-fuelled gas-turbine combined cycle and an integrated coal-gasification combined cycle, and four types of renewable energy systems -- photovoltaic, hydropower, wind power and ocean thermal energy conversion -- were evaluated. The estimated amounts of nitric oxide emitted per generated unit of electricity range from 0.06 to 0.3 g/kWh, while the amounts of suphur oxides range from 0.3 to 0.53 g/kWh. There is a tendency for renewable-energy systems to emit lower amounts of nitric oxide.

NMVOCs and CO Emission Inventory in East Asia

For analyzing acidification in East Asia, long range transportation models has been developed, which require emissions inventories of the precursors. SO2 and NOx emissions inventories were reported previously; here emissions of NMVOCs (Non methane volatile organic compounds) and CO in East Asia; China, Republic Korea, Japan and Taiwan area, are estimated.For the years 1994–95, the total emissions of NMVOC and CO in East Asia are estimated at 17.7 and 94.1Tg/y respectively. Small coal boiler and biomass use for residences are dominant sources of NMVOCs in the area, especially in China. More than half of CO emission comes from biomass use in residences in China. Regionally at east costal area in China high density emission is seen in the 1×1 degree grid emission map.

Energy Consumption in Residential House and Emissions Inventory of GHGs, Air Pollutants in China

The energy consumption of residential housing in China was analyzed in detail by fuel type, urban and rural areas, province and partly by end-use type, based on Chinas energy statistics. In addition emissions of CO2, SO2 and NOx were estimated from the energy consumption data in this study. The target period of provincial estimation is from 1995 to 1999. This is only the first step in providing a fundamental analysis, but this kind of primary study is very important to the basis of East Asian energy and environmental policy on climate change, regional and continental air quality, acidification, urban or social development and so on. The most significant fuel in residential energy use in China is biomass in rural areas, which provided 65% of all fuel use in 1999. In total comprising, 42% from stalks(agricultural waste or crop residues), 22% firewood. In rural areas 80% of fuel use is biomass, 52% stalks and 28% firewood, but none in urban. Coal (including coal products) is dominant in urban areas at 44%, but in rural only comprises 15%, all areas averaging 22%. For residential energy this is far less than the 56% share of all primary energy consumption, including biomass. Average annual energy use per capita in urban areas is 3.5GJ, in rural 11.7GJ, and for all areas 8.2GJ. Rural use is bigger than urban because of low efficiency biomass combustion for cooking and space heating. Per household use is: urban 10.9GJ; rural 51.9GJ; all areas 30.2GJ. Per capita average consumption in 1999 in China is 52% of the Japanese level in 1999, comparable to Japan in 1976. By provincial analysis, the north and inland regional areas have higher per capita and per household energy consumption levels, primarily due to the colder climate. Estimated residential energy consumption including biomass and electricity is 10261PJ as low calorific value and secondary energy base in 1999, which is 28% of total consumption in China. CO2 emissions amounted to 1010TgCO2 (Including Biomass), SO2 1950Gg and NOx 723Gg as NO2.

Study on energy consumption and CO 2 emissions of China's cement industry

The cement industry is an energy intensive industry, also the one of main CO2 emissions source. China is the largest producer and consumer of cement in the world. In 2009, the cement production in China reached 1.63 billion tons, accounting more than 50% of total cement production in the world. However, most of the cement was produced from relatively energy-inefficient and highly-polluting vertical shaft kilns. In this paper, the characteristics of production and energy consumption for Chinas cement industry were analyzed. The CO2 emissions from the cement industry were calculated, compared with Japan, and the characteristics of Chinas CO2 emissions were analyzed.

Empirical Study of Decomposition of Emission Factors in China

China’s CO2 emissions increase has attracted world’s attention. It is of great importance to analyze China’s CO2 emission factors to restrain the CO2 rapid growing. The CO2 emissions of industrial and residential consumption sectors in China during 1980–2010 were calculated in this paper. The expanded decomposition model of CO2 emissions was set up by adopting factor-separating method based on the basic principle of the Kaya identities. The results showed that CO2 emissions of industrial and residential consumption sectors increase year after year, and the scale effect of GDP is the most important factor affecting CO2 emissions of industrial sector. Decreasing the specific gravity of secondary industry and energy intensity is more effective than decreasing the primary industry and tertiary industry. The emissions reduction effect of structure factor is better than the efficiency factor. For residential consumption sector, CO2 emissions increase rapidly year after year, and the economy factor (the increase of wealthy degree or income) is the most important factor. In order to slow down the growth of CO2 emissions, it is an important way to change the economic growth mode, and the structure factor will become a crucial factor.

Feature analysis of Chinese energy consumption based on a complete decomposition model

Based on a complete decomposition model, a quantitative analysis on the characters of energy consumption of Chinese industry by decomposing the factors including effects on the energy consumption change of industry department into product factor, structural factor and efficiency factor, was studied. By the same method, there is a quantitative analysis on the energy consumption change of urban and rural household departments, by decomposing the factors into population factor, economy factor and efficiency factor. The results showed that the gross national product is the most important factor of influencing Chinas ever-increasing energy consumption. The energy intensity sector lowers the increasing direction of energy consumption. And in a short time decreasing energy consumption should rely on adjusting industrial structure.

Development of model on energy consumption and emissions of air pollutants and GHGS in China

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on examining and forecasting the energy consumption and emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs) to analyze the influences of energy conservation and the introduction of advanced techniques in the reduction of CO2, SO2, and NOx emissions. It presents a study that develops an integrated analysis, forecast, and optimization model on energy consumption and environmental emissions by province, energy demand sector and fuel type in China. The study first establishes the detailed database on manufacturing techniques, energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) or product, and emission factors by province, energy demand sector, and fuel type in China. Based on this database, a model of scenario analysis and prediction on energy consumption and emissions of air pollutants and GHGs by province and energy demand sector is developed, taking into account factors such as economic development, industry construction, population moving, urbanization, and environmental policy in China. Using this model, the predictions of multi-scenarios on energy consumption and emissions of air pollutants and GHGs by province, energy demand sector, and fuel type in China are performed until the year of 2050.