Yuzuru Miyata

Evaluating the economic damages of transport disruptions using a transnational and interregional input–output model for Japan, China, and South Korea

Damage to transportation networks as a result of natural disasters can lead to economic losses due to lost trade along those links in addition to the costs of damage to the infrastructure itself. This study evaluates the economic damages of transport disruptions such as highways, tunnels, bridges, and ports using a transnational and interregional Input–Output Model that divides the world into 23 regions: 9 regions in Japan, 7 regions in China, and 4 regions in Korea, Taiwan, ASEAN5, and the USA to allow us to focus on Japan’s regional and international links. In our simulation, economic ripple effects of both international and interregional transport disruptions are measured by changes in the trade coefficients in the input–output model. The simulation showed that, in the case of regional links in Japan, a transport disruption in the Kanmon Straits causes the most damage to our targeted world, resulting in economic damage of approximately

Economic Impacts of an Electric Vehicle Society in Toyohashi City, Japan-A CGE Modelling Approach

36.3 billion. In the case of international links among Japan, Chin...

Background of the Study

In this paper we explore economic impact of promotion and realization of an electric vehicle society (EVS). More concretely, this paper emphasizes on a CGE -modelling approach to evaluate the following issues: entire economic impacts of subsidies for promotion of an EVS, the possibility of carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions and prices reduction, industrial structure change towards an EVS, and model shift occurs towards an EVS. Our simulation results demonstrate that after applying 20% subsidies to five industries, such as electric vehicles (EVs) manufacturing and transhipment, solar, cogeneration, and other transhipment the total industrial output and city GDP increase. A large growth rate is found in industries where subsidies are introduced alone with non -ferrous metal industry. However, it is motivating that decreasing proportions are found in oil, coal product, mining, heat supply and gasoline vehicles (GVs) transhipment industries. Moreover, all the commodity prices decrease though in industries where subsidies are presented prices shrink appreciably. Hence, Toyohashi Citys economy shows a direction where the demand for conventional vehicles and energy use are decre ased, conversely, the demand for EVs and renewable energy are increased that displays different lifestyles from the current. Thus, introducing 20% subsidies to EVs manufacturing and transhipment, solar, cogeneration, and other transhipment can really represent a realistic alternative society to EVS, both in terms of economic development and CO 2 emissions reduction. In this study therefore it is clear that model shift occurs to EVS, and thus we suggest for promotion of new industrial structure to introduce an EVS in Toyohashi city, Japan. The proposed model even can be expanded to the other cities in Japan and other countries in the world which are similar to this area.

Conclusion and Policy Recommendations

Urban space is a product of three principal developments. The first is the growth of settlements in terms of size and number, including their spreading. The second is an increase in the population living in urban areas. The third is the transformation of society attributable to the realm that people who live in towns and cities follow an urban lifestyle, which can be distinctive from a rural lifestyle.

Conclusion, Discussion, and Recommendations for Future Research

This study developed urban economics models, namely, the partial equilibrium model and the general equilibrium model, to analyze illegal settlements in Palangkaraya city in the Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The partial equilibrium model is aimed at developing a preliminary theoretical analysis. The models are developed by employing the bid rent approach. Because the city is in a tropical region surrounded by river basins and has suffered massive deforestation of its surrounding forest, frequent floods and their corresponding damage to household assets in the city are inevitable.

Database for a Computable General Equilibrium

This dissertation studied environmental economic analysis based on an AHP using a structural economic model to establish efficient economic and environmental policy. Economic and environmental policy is efficient if the achievement is obtained with the minimum possible environmental impact without compromising its economic purposes. This study achieved its three primary objectives. The first contribution of this study is its normative importance of evaluating the economy and the environment to achieve sustainable development. Theoretically, this study evaluated an environmental economic system through the efficiency of economic and environmental integration. The second achievement is its application of a standard approach to policy-making and the efficiency is demonstrated by sharing it with other approaches. This study empirically evaluated decision-making based on the economic and environmental indicators of community preferences for a regional road construction project in Makassar, Indonesia. The third achievement is its empirical simulation of how to reduce CO2 emissions through carbon tax policy without sacrificing Makassar City’s economic welfare. The final chapter summarized the primary results of this study.

Theoretical Development of the Partial Equilibrium Model

The primary data used in this study are based on an input–output (I–O) table for Makassar City. Data from the social accounting matrix table along with other data sources such as elasticity values, exchange rate, and others are used to complete the I–O table data. The integration of sector aggregation in input–output and social accounting matrix tables uses mapping between the sectors contained in the primary data sources. This chapter explains how to construct the data for a CGE model. The explanation will be started with an understanding of the data structures of the I–O and social accounting matrix tables. The model’s coefficients and exogenous variables are estimated using the social accounting matrix tables. The CGE model requires elasticity parameter data and several of parameters.

Issues of Illegal Settlements in Palangkaraya City

The partial equilibrium is a type of economic equilibrium model commonly used to analyze cities and urban areas from an urban economics point of view. In a partial equilibrium model, clearance on the market of certain specific goods is obtained independently from prices and quantities demanded and supplied in other markets. In other words, the prices of all substitutes and complements, as well as consumers’ income levels, are constant. This constancy enables a dynamic process that allows prices to be adjusted until supply equals demand. This powerfully simple technique allows one to study equilibrium, efficiency, and comparative statics. The stringency of the simplifying assumptions inherent in this approach makes the model produce results that do not effectively reflect real-world economic phenomena, although seemingly precise.

Constructing a CGE Model for Economic and Environmental Policies in Makassar City

The last millennium marked a symbolic transition in the evolution of human settlements through which the world’s people become more urban than rural. The rapid population growth in cities gives rise to concerns about the changing nature of the relationship between rural and urban. In 2003, people who live in city areas of developing countries accounted for 48%, or approximately three billion people, of the world’s population; moreover, by 2035, half of the world’s poor people are projected to live in urban areas (UN-HABITAT 2006, 2010).

General Equilibrium Analysis

Our study introduces a standard structure of CGE model that conforms to a basic of the Walrasian equilibrium to perform a joint analysis of economic and environmental policies; moreover, the model incorporates information about both the key economic variables and the environmental impact of economic activity. Taxes and government activity are taken to be exogenous for households and industries, whereas they are considered as decision variables for the government.