Z.-M. Zong

The Enrichment and Identification of Methyl Alkanones from Thermally Soluble Shengli Lignite

Shengli lignite was subjected to thermal dissolution in a methanol/benzene mixed solvent at 240°C for 1 h. The soluble fraction was sequentially eluted with petroleum ether and 5, 10, and 15% carbon disulfide/petroleum ether mixed solvents through a silica gel-packed column to afford eluted fractions 1 to 4 (EF1 to EF4). In total, 15 methyl alkanones from C15 to C27, including 2 methyl side-chain alkanones and 13 methyl straight-chain alkanones were enriched in EF4 and identified with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

FTIR and mass spectral analyses of an upgraded bio-oil.

Abstract Bio-oil prepared from flash pyrolysis of rice stalk around 500°C was upgraded by filtration and catalytic esterification. Both raw and upgraded bio-oils were observed with an optical microscope. The upgraded bio-oil was extracted with benzene, carbon disulfide, hexane, and carbon tetrachloride, respectively, and the soluble fractions were analyzed with FTIR and GC/MS. In addition, ion trap mass spectrometer was used for analysis of the benzene-soluble fraction. The results show that the upgrading substantially improved the dispersity of organic droplets in the bio-oil and completely removed char particles from the bio-oil, but heavy species are still the main components in the upgraded bio-oil; the soluble fractions contain aliphatic, benzene-ring-containing, ester, and bonded hydroxyl moieties, and methoxy-containing species are the most abundant GC/MS-detectable compounds.

Solid Superacid-catalyzed Hydroconversion of Demineralized Shengli Coal Liquefaction Residue under Microwave Irradiation

Abstract Shengli coal liquefaction residue was demineralized; the demineralized Shengli coal liquefaction residue (DMSCLR) was then subject to non-catalytic and SO4 2−/ZrO2- or SO4 2−/TiO2-catalyzed hydroconversion in methanol under microwave irradiation. The results show that both, SO4 2−/ZrO2 and SO4 2−/TiO2, significantly catalyzed DMSCLR hydroconversion. The MESs of hydrogenated DMSCLR were analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometer. The MESs and methanol-inextractable fractions of hydrogenated DMSCLR were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.

Sequential Thermal Dissolution of Geting Bituminous Coal in Low-boiling Point Solvents

Sequential thermal dissolution (STD) of Geting bituminous coal (GBC) in benzene, methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol was conducted at 150 to 300°C for 2 h. Anthracene was added into the system as the hydrogen acceptor to trace hydrogen transfer (HT) behavior during the STD. All of the soluble portions (SPs) were analyzed with a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer. The once-through yields of SPs did not fluctuate obviously with raising the thermal dissolution (TD) temperature from 150 to 250°C, but significantly increased over 250°C. HT from GBC to anthracene in benzene, methanol, and ethanol occurred at 300°C and in isopropanol at 250°C. Unlike TD in benzene, alkanolysis significantly proceeded during TD in alkanols at 300°C.

The Identification of Organooxygen Compounds in Geting Bituminous Coal

Geting bituminous coal was sequentially extracted with petroleum ether, carbon disulfide, methanol, acetone, and isometric carbon disulfide/acetone mixed solvent at room temperature, affording extracts 1 to 5 (E1 to E5). In total, 77 organooxygen compounds (OOCs) were identified from E3 by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. The OOCs include 4 alkanols, 8 arenols, 5 ethers, 5 aldehydes, 14 non-nitrogen ketones, 19 nitrogen-containing ketones, 11 alkanoic acids, and 11 esters. This investigation provides an effective approach to the enrichment of OOCs in coals, favoring understanding of the diversity of the organooxygen compounds.

The Isolation of Condensed Arenes from Shenmu-Fugu Coal Liquefaction Residue

Shenmu-Fugu subbituminous coal liquefaction residue was exhaustively extracted with petroleum ether (PE) to afford PE-extractable fraction (PEEF), which was then eluted with petroleum ether through a silica gel-filled column. The PEEF and eluates were analyzed with a gas chromatographer/mass spectrometer and a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. As a result, a number of 4- to 7-ring condensed arenes (CAS) were detected in the PEEF series of 4- to 6-ring CAs along with long-chain alkanes were isolated from the PEEF by column chromatography.

Effect of Charring Temperature on the Composition and Solubility of Chars Formed from Rapid Heating of Shenfu Coal

Abstract A series of chars were prepared by rapidly heating Shenfu coal, a Chinese bituminous coal, to different temperatures. Ash, volatile matter, and elemental contents of the chars were compared. The chars were extracted with carbon disulfide, benzene, and tetrahydrofuran sequentially, and the extraction solutions were analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The results show that raising charring temperature increases the ash and carbon contents, but decreases the hydrogen and nitrogen contents as well as the solubility, while change in sulfur content is very small with charring temperature. A series of alkanes and polycyclic arenes were detected in the extraction solutions.

The compositional features of thermally soluble fractions from two Chinese coals in cyclohexane

Shengli lignite (SL) and Shenmu-Fugu subbituminous coal (SFSBC) were subjected to thermal dissolution in cyclohexane at 300°C for 1 h under hydrogen. The reaction mixtures were extracted with petroleum ether (PE) and the PE-extractable fractions (PEEFs) were analyzed with a gas chromatography/mass spectrometer. The results show that the PEEFs from thermally dissolved SL (TDSL) and thermally dissolved SFSBC (TDSFSBC) mainly consist of alkanes, alkenes, arenes, and oxygen-containing organic compounds (OCOCs); the yields of alkanes and alkenes in the PEEF from TDSFSBC are appreciably higher than those from TDSL, while the yields of arenes and oxygen-containing organic compounds in the petroleum ether-extractable fraction from thermally dissolved Shenmu-Fugu subbituminous coal are significantly lower than those from thermally dissolved Shengli lignite; arenols are dominant OCOCs in the PEEF from TDSL, while main OCOCs in the PEEFs from TDSFSBC are arenols and esters.

The Amorphous Alloy-catalyzed Hydroconversion of Demineralized Shengli Coal Liquefaction Residue Under Microwave Irradiation

Microwave-assisted hydroconversion of demineralized Shengli lignite liquefaction residue (DMSLLR) over Ni-B/SiO2 in methanol was investigated under mild conditions. The results show that Ni-B/SiO2 significantly catalyzed DMSLLR hydroconversion by increasing the methanol-extractable fraction of hydroconverted DMSLLR to 87.7% over Ni-B/SiO2 from 62.3% without catalyst. The yields of alkanes, hydroarenes, alkyl arenes, non-substituted arenes, organooxygen compounds, and organosulfur compounds from catalytic hydroconversion of DMSLLR are drastically higher than those from non-catalytic hydroconversion of DMSLLR. Benzo[ghi]perylene is the most abundant condensed arenes detected.

The Identification of Soluble Nitrogen-containing Organic Species in Two Chinese Lignites

Shengli lignite (SL) and Xiaolongtan lignite (XL) were extracted with carbon disulfide, benzene, methanol, acetone, and tetrahydrofuran sequentially. The OFs of organinitrogen compounds in the lignites and their residues were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis, and the nitrogen-containing organic species in the extracts were identified with gas chromatography/mass spectrometer. The results show that pyridinic nitrogen Np, pyrrolic nitrogen Np′, quaternary nitrogen Nq, and oxidized nitrogen No are the four OFs of organic nitrogen in the two lignites, and the content of Np′ in XL is higher than that in SL. The relative contents (RCs) of pyridines and quinolines in the extracts from XL are higher than those from SL, while the RCs of amides and amines in the extracts from SL were higher than those from XL.