Z. Mróz

On the description of anisotropic workhardening

Abstract A model of workhardening is proposed which generalizes the known rules of isotropic and kinematic workhardening by introducing the concept of a ‘field of workhardening moduli.’ This field is defined by a configuration of surfaces of constant workhardening moduli in the stress space. For any loading history the instantaneous configuration can be determined by calculating the translation and expansion or contraction of all surfaces; the material behaviour can thus be determined for complex loading paths, in particular for cyclic loadings. Several examples for a plane stress state are presented.

A continuum model for plastic-brittle behaviour of rock and concrete

Abstract The present work deals with a continuum model for time-independent behaviour of progressively fracturing solids. The rate theory with fracture parameter is discussed and applied to rock-like materials. In particular, elastic-brittle and plastic-brittle idealizations are considered with the fracturing affecting elastic and plastic strains, respectively. The elastic-brittle model incorporates, however, the plasticity-like concept of varying fracture surface. Also the idea of a limit (failure) locus is introduced as the stress-path dependent condition, instead of being prescribed a priori. The plasticity model attempts to cover both stable and unstable portions of the stress-strain relation while the fracture parameter is coupled with irreversible volumetric dilatancy. The general model is applicable to wider class of engineering materials, ƒ. ex. to metals in advanced yielding accompanied with microfracturing.

An attempt to describe the behavior of metals under cyclic loads using a more general workhardening model

SummaryIn many problems of plastic deformation, when the prescribed loads or displacement do not increase in proportion but vary in a complex manner, for instance alternating between prescribed limits, more general work-hardening models are needed in order to describe the plastic behavior. One of such models, previously proposed by the author, is applied here in order to discuss superposition of fixed and alternating loads. In particular, the case of steady tension and alternating torsion is considered in detail and the rate of axial strain accumulation is computed. There is a qualitative aggreement between theoretical prediction and experimental data.ZusammenfassungBei vielen plastischen Deformationsproblemen, bei denen die vorgeschriebenen Lasten oder Verschiebungen nicht proportional anwachsen, sondern sich in einer komplizierten Art ändern, etwa indem sie zwischen vorgegebenen Grenzen pendeln, werden allgemeinere Modelle der Arbeitsverfestigung nötig, um das plastische Verhalten zu beschreiben. Ein solches Modell, das kürzlich vom Autor vorgeschlagen wurde, wird hier angewendet, um die Überlagerung von festen und alternierenden Lasten zu diskutieren. Insbesondere wird der Fall des stationären Zuges und der alternierenden Torsion betrachtet und die Zuwachsrate der axialen Verzerrung berechnet. Die theoretische Vorhersage stimmt qualitativ mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen überein.

Variational approach by means of adjoint systems to structural optimization and sensitivity analysis—II: Structure shape variation

Abstract For a linear elastic structure, the first variation of an arbitrary stress, strain and displacement functionals corresponding to variation of shape of external boundaries or interfaces is derived by using the solutions for primary and adjoint systems. The application to optimal design is next presented and the relevant optimally conditions are derived from general expressions. The path-independent integrals used in fracture mechanics are rederived as a particular case of general expressions.

First- and Second-Order Sensitivity Analysis of Linear and Nonlinear Structures

This paper employs the principle of virtual work to derive sensitivity derivatives of structural response with respect to stiffness parameters using both direct and adjoint approaches. The computations required are based on additional load conditions characterized by imposed initial strains, body forces, or surface tractions. As such, they are equally applicable to numerical or analytical solution techniques. The relative efficiency of various approaches for calculating first and second derivatives is assessed. It is shown that for the evaluation of second derivatives the most efficient approach is one that makes use of both the first-order sensitivities and adjoint vectors. Two example problems are used for demonstrating the various approaches.

Variational approach by means of adjoint systems to structural optimization and sensitivity analysis—I: Variation of material parameters within fixed domain

Abstract For a linear elastic structure, the first variation of an arbitrary stress, strain and displacement functionals corresponding to variation of material parameters within specified domain is derived by using the solution for primary and adjoint systems. This variation is of fundamental importance in sensitivity analysis, optimal design and identification problems. Simple examples of optimal stiffness design and identification of stiffness parameters in beams are presented.

A non-local stress failure condition for structural elements under multiaxial loading

Abstract A non-local stress condition for crack initiation and propagation is proposed and applied to several particular cases, such as plate with wedge-shaped notch, elliptical hole and hyperbolic notch. Brittle failure initiation for notched elements under complex loading (Modes I and II) is studied in detail. A value of critical load and crack orientation is predicted from the non-local condition, which is applicable to both regular and singular stress concentrations.

Formulation of anisotropic failure criteria incorporating a microstructure tensor

Abstract Anisotropy is inherently related to microstructural arrangement within a representative volume of material. The microstructure can be represented by a second order tensor whose eigenvectors specify the orientation of the axes of material symmetry. In this paper, failure criteria for geomaterials are formulated in terms of the stress state and a microstructure tensor. The classical criteria for isotropic materials are generalized for the case of orthotropy as well as transverse isotropy. The proposed approach is illustrated by a simple example demonstrating the sensitivity of the uniaxial strength of the material to the orientation of the sample relative to the loading direction.

Identification of plastic hardening parameters of metals from spherical indentation tests

Abstract Using the two-parameter power hardening rule σ=kepm, the parameters k and m are identified from spherical indentation loading–unloading tests which account for the variation of the indentation profile during elastic unloading and sphere deformation. The predicted and measured stress–strain curves are compared for several materials. Both experimental and actual data for 18G2A low-alloy steel are used to assess the accuracy of the identification procedure. Finally, identification of the stress–strain curve of an aluminium alloy is demonstrated.

A note on nonassociated plastic flow rules

Abstract The analytical properties of the constitutive equations in plasticity with a nonassociated flow rule are investigated. Under the assumption of small deformations the directional stiffness (and compliance) rule is considered and the relevant spectral properties of the tangent stiffness tensor are assessed. It is shown that the directional stiffness may be larger than the elastic. It may also be negative in the case of a formally perfectly plastic material and so the nonassociative flow rule represents (spurious) softening in terms of an associated flow rule. The issue of uniqueness at finite strains is briefly addressed, whereby use is made of the tangent stiffness tensor relating the velocity gradient to the first Piola-Kirchhoff stress rate. The relevant spectral properties, which generalise those from the small deformation case, are found explicit. A sufficient condition for uniqueness is given in terms of a critical (upper bound) value of the hardening modulus.