Z. Tomic

NITRATES IN PLANTS AND SOIL AFTER FERTILIZATION OF GRASS-LEGUME MIXTURES **

Nitrates are one of the most frequent utilized forms of N from soil. Through root they reach stem and leaf where in photosynthetic processes they convert into proteins. Due to exposure to stress situations, and excessive nitrogen fertilization, nitrate accumulation in plant tissues and organs occurs. Also, nitrates can accumulate in harmful concentrations in soil. Nitrates accumulated in plants have harmful effect on animals which consume plants since they cause various health disorders. In variance analysis in both investigation years it was established that fertilization as well as interaction of factors mixture/fertilization had very significant effect on investigated quality parameter, contrary to mixture as single factor. In both investigation years, treatments with 210 kgN ha-1 had the highest nitrate concentration. Content of nitrate nitrogen in soil is increased by fertilization. Objective of the research was to determine nitrate quantities which are accumulated in plants subsequent to n fertilization and growing in mixtures with other species, as well as to determine nitrate quantities which remain in the soil unutilized, which are potential causes of environment pollution.

Goat cryptosporidiosis and its importance at goat production pathology

Goat cryptosporidiosis is parasitic disease with clinical signs at kids at 4-10 days old. Presence of great number of cryptosporidial oocyst is usually in goats without clinical signs of disease. At goats were established Cryptosporidium parvum. Kid cryptosporidiosis had high morbidity and mortality rate. Symptoms of acute cryptosporidiosis include lack of appetite, and weight loss. Clinical signs are yellow diarrhea with odor smell, and some time are present a blood. Animals had abdominal pain, anemia, lost of appetite, dehydration, tenisms, weakens and lost of weight. Occurrence depressive and inactivity. Pathological changes are present in small intestine. In acute cases were thickens gut wall, edema, hyperemia at cecal and colon mucus. There are present numerous hemorrhage, and present of mucofibrinal seam dark brown colored. Those pathological changes drawl resorption and induced clinical signs of disease. Consequence are significant increase of kid accrescense, its weakens and less develop.

Fusarium infection and deoxynivalenol contamination in winter wheat

In this paper, the incidence of Fusarium-infected grain of winter wheat and n the content of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) was studied in two Serbian n cultivars Simonida and NS40S, both harvested in 2014. The level of Fusarium n contamination of wheat grain was determined using phytopathological n techniques based on the standard methodology while DON was detected by n enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). The incidence of n Fusarium-infected grain ranged from 12 to 19% for Simonida and NS40S, n respectively. Fusarium graminearum, as well-known producer of DON mycotoxin, n was identified among Fusarium species. In addition, Alternaria spp. was n isolated in high percentage, with an average incidence of 53% (Simonida) to n 63% (NS40S).The average content of DON ranged from 424 μg kg-1 to 1101 μg n kg-1 for Simonida and NS40S cultivars, respectively. Statistically n insignificant negative correlation (r = - 0.18) was determined between n Fusariuminfected grain and DON in the cultivar Simonida and statistically n insignificant positive correlation (r = 0.11) in the cultivar NS40S. The mean n levels of DON in studied wheat samples of both tested cultivars were not n higher than the maximum permitted limit (1250 μg kg-1) although the level of n Fusarium-infected grain of both cultivars was relatively high. These results n indicate that both wheat cultivars are susceptible to Fusarium infection and n DON mycotoxin production in agro-ecological conditions of Serbia, but the n cultivar NS40S being more susceptible compared to cultivar Simonida. In view n of all stated above, regular health check of grains and developing strategies n for integrated monitoring of incidence of Fusarium head blight are necessary n preventive measures in protection of winter wheat. [Projekat Ministarstva n nauke Republike SRbije, br. TR-31023, br. TR- 31053 i br. TR-46010]

Influence of order of lactation on milk production and somatic cell count in alpine goats.

In this paper, the annual results of the effect of lactation on milk production, the contents of some chemical parameters in the milk (milk fat, protein and dry matter without fat) and somatic cells in milk goat breeds Alpino in intensive production during one production year. Control is included a total of 82 French Alpine goats in different lactations (first-16 heads, the second-19 heads, 29 heads the third-and fourth and subsequent lactation together-18 heads).). Somatic cell count and chemical quality of milk is controlled on a daily basis in the laboratory for raw milk AD Dairies - Subotica on the machine CombiFoss FC 6200. The variability of the analyzed characteristics is presented descriptive parameters and the effect of lactation is determined by a factorial analysis of variance. The average value for somewhat milk goats for the treated population was 362.83 kg, with average milk fat content of 3.31%. Analysis of variance confirmed that the differences that were established under the influence of lactation for all traits analyzed, except for percentage of milk fat, were significant at P <0.01

Helminthoses of goats breeding at Belgrade area.

In aim of control parasitic infection of goat we started to sistematic n parasitological examination of it. At Belgrade area we examined flocks of n goats originated from 23 vilages from city districts Mladenovac, Lazarevac, n Obrenovac, Grocka, Zemun, Surcin, Palilula, Voždovac and Zvezdara. Using n standart coprological methods we examined 221 faecal samples. At same time, n with necropsy we examined 67 animals. We found the following helminthes n species: Dicrocoelium dendriticum (83,25%), Moniezia expansa (52,36%), n Echinococcus granulosus (cyst) (83,25%), Trchostrongylus axei (79,82%), n T.colubriformis (69,57%), T. capricola (62,85%), Ostertagia circumcincta n (65,23%), O. ostertagi (23,33%), Nematodirus spathiger (83,25%), N. filicolis n (43,31%), Hameonchus contortus (58,95%), Skrjabinema caprae (13,28%), n Chabertia ovina (44,14%), Oesophagostomum venulosum (28,39%), and n Dictyocaulus filaria (56,45%).

FORAGE QUALITY AND ENERGY CONTENT OF PERENNIAL LEGUME-GRASS MIXTURES AT THREE LEVEL OF N FERTILIZATION

The aim of this study was to investigate fodder quality and nutritive value n of different grass-legumes mixtures influenced by various level of N n fertilization. Studied factors had an impact only on the content of crude n protein (CP), crude protein yield (CPY) and nitrate content in the forage. n The level of N fertilizer showed a highly significant and positive impact on n the CP and nitrate content. Treatment with 210 kg N ha-1 is characterized by n the highest content of CP and nitrate of 189.7 g kg-1 DM and 2524 ppm, n respectively, and the highest protein yield of 1.95 t ha-1. The value of n nitrate in the forage does not exceed the limit that is considered hazardous n to the health of animals. Energy value of forage obtained from the grasslands n of ME ≈7.75 and NEL≈4.32 MJ kg-1 DM is lower than values obtained in other n studies. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR-31053]

Genetic variability of red clover seedlings in relation to salt stress.

Red clover is highly salt-sensitive plant, especially during germination and n early seedling growth stages. The aim of this investigation was to estimate n the effects of different saline conditions (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200mM NaCl) n on germination and early seedling growth in four red clover varieties n (Kolubara, K-32, K-17 and K-39). Germination test was conducted in the n laboratory conditions using sterile plastic vessels on filter paper moistened n with 10ml of the appropriate salt test solutions. It was observed that the n germination energy (GE), germination (G), percentage of dead or infected n seeds (DIS), normal seedlings (NS), root length (RL), shoot length (ShL), n fresh weight (FW) and dry weight of seedling (DW) and seedling vigor index n (SVI) were significantly decreased with increasing concentrations of NaCl in n the growing medium. The tested varieties of red clover showed different NaCl n tolerance at the seedling stage. Generally, studied red clover varieties are n very sensitive to salt, especially K-32 which has the lowest values for GE, n G, NS and SVI and highest for DIS. Variety K-17 proved to be a variety that n the best tolerates conditions of salt stress because the values for GE, G, n NS, RL and SVI were highest. Testing of varieties of red clover in the early n seedling growth at different concentrations of NaCl in the growing medium n could be helpful in the identification and selection of varieties for n cultivation on saline soils. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, n br. TR 31053]

Yield potential and quality of forage mixtures of alfalfa with cocksfoot and tall fescue depending on the nitrogen fertilization.

The study was performed at the Institute for Animal Husbandry in the three year period, in field and laboratory conditions. The experiment involved two mixtures of grasses and legumes: mixture A ( alfalfa (cv. K -28 ), 50% and cocksfoot (cv. K-40 ), 50% ) and mixture B (alfalfa (cv. K -28 ), 33.3 % , cocksfoot (cv. K -40) , 33.3 %, and tall fescue (cv. K -20) , 33.3 % ), and pure stand of alfalfa (M). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. Fertilization was carried out using the split method, in quantities of of 0, 70 and 140 kg N ha -1 . The aim of this study was to determine the phytocoenological stability of mixture of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) with cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), the yield and quality of fodder obtained from the grassland, depending on the mixture composition and nitrogen fertilization. Studied factors had a statistically significant impact on dry matter yield and protein yield. Alfalfa has achieved significantly higher yields compared to its mixtures. Dry matter yield increased with the addition of N fertilizers. Protein yield was highest in pure alfalfa crop, followed by its mixture cocksfoot. Fertilization has also increased protein yield.

CORRELATION BETWEEN BODY MEASUREMENTS AND MILK PRODUCTION OF GOATS IN DIFFERENT LACTATIONS

This paper presents the results of the variability and correlation of body measurements and milk production of domestic Balkan goat breed that is reared in the mountain range Sharplanina, depending on the lactation. Studied animals were monitored and lactation, or order of kidding (I, II, III and IV and the next lactation together). Control of milk production, included a total of 290 goats in different lactations (first-81 animals, the second-69 heads, 71 heads third-and fourth and following along latkacije-69 heads). In order to determine the measure of body development in adult goats, one takes values for height at withers, body length, chest depth, chest width, the width of the cross and body weight. The variability of the analyzed characteristics is presented descriptive parameters and the effect of lactation is determined by a factorial analysis of variance. The determined average values for milk production and measures of body development are located within those identified for this population of goats. During these tests showed statistically significant correlation dependence (P 0.05).

BACTERIA IN GOAT MEAT - BIOLOGICAL DANGER

In the world, especially in China, India, Pаkistаn and Nigeria goat meat represents an important foodstuff in nutrition of people. Goat meat is being increasingly consumed in Serbia owing to its distinctive taste and desirable chemical composition. As many other types of meat, goat meat can be the source of pathogenic bacteria. Bacteria can find their way into meat of healthy goats or goats with no clinical symptoms premortally (infection) or postmortally (contamination). For these reasons EU has included in its programme of monitoring zoonosis and zoonotic agents microbiological pathogens which cause the majority of alimentary diseases in humans today. Among them, Campylobacter and Salmonella cause by far the largest number of infections in humans and followed by Listeria monocytogenes.