Zamshed Iqbal Chowdhury

Energy-efficiency and reliability in MAC and routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor network

Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) technology has introduced a new flux to a whole gamut of application domains such as scientific exploration, commercial exploitation, underwater disaster prevention, etc. Such diversity of UWSN has gained prominence to the researchers quite fast and has marked this field of research as one of the emerging ones. With extensive researches conducted in this field, several design challenges have been experienced and explored by the network designers. Large propagation delay, low bandwidth, frequent loss of connectivity, variability of sound speed, limitation on source of energy, etc. are the key challenges, which are identified as necessary issues for establishing efficient and reliable UWSN. To address these issues, several MAC and routing protocols for UWSN have been proposed by the researchers during the last decade. In this review, the core design aspects for an ideal UWSN are identified which are energy-efficiency and reliability. These design aspects are evaluated in terms of energy consumption and communication efficiency - in order to provide an insight to the network designers on ideal design metrics. It is found that the protocols are highly selective, and the fitness of any protocol depends solely on the application and design requirements, which is addressed by this review. This paper also provides a comprehensive overview through comparison and simulation to analyze and summarize the MAC and routing protocols under concern.

A Neuro-Fuzzy Control System Based on Feature Extraction of Surface Electromyogram Signal for Solar-Powered Wheelchair

This paper presents the design and implementation of a low-cost solar-powered wheelchair for physically challenged people. The signals necessary to maneuver the wheelchair are acquired from different muscles of the hand using surface electromyography (sEMG) technique. The raw sEMG signals are collected from the upper limb muscles which are then processed, characterized, and classified to extract necessary features for the generation of control signals to be used for the automated movement of the wheelchair. An artificial neural network-based classifier is constructed to classify the patterns and features extracted from the raw sEMG signals. The classification accuracy of the extracted parameters from the sEMG signals is found to be relatively high in comparison with the existing methods. The extracted parameters used to generate control signals that are then fed into a microcomputer-based control system (MiCS). A solar-powered wheelchair prototype is developed, and the above MiCS is introduced to control its maneuver using the sEMG signals. The prototype is then thoroughly tested with sEMG signals from patients of different age groups. Also, the life cycle cost analysis of the proposed wheelchair revealed that it is financially feasible and cost-effective.

Solar Powered Wheel Chair for Physically Challenged People Using Surface EMG Signal

This paper presents the design of low cost solar powered wheel chair for physically challenged people. The signals necessary to maneuver the wheel chair are acquired from different muscles of the hand using surface Electromyography (sEMG) technique. The raw sEMG signals collected from upper limb muscles are processed to extract the desired direction of movement for the wheel chair. The accuracy of the extracted EMG signals is found to be relatively high. A prototype is developed and tests verified the objective functionalities. The analysis of life cycle cost of the solar powered wheel chair is presented. It is found that the proposed wheel chair is financially feasible for developing countries.

A novel algorithm for malicious attack detection in UWSN

Information transmission in the marine scenario utilizing wireless communications is unique method that empowering the technology for the evolution of imminent marine-surveillance systems and sensory networks. Under-water wireless sensor network (UWSN) in one of the auspicious technology for marine observation. The applications of underwater sensing has several domain that range from oil industry to aquaculture. Some of the UWSN applications include device checking, monitoring and control of pollution in the water, underwater ecosystems monitoring, forecasting of natural disasters and disturbances, exploration and survey missions, as well as study of oceanic life. Nodes in UWSN are normally low cost, low power. Considering the characteristics and the nature of applications, security of UWSN is one of the critical issue and had drawn significant attention to the researchers. In order to have a functional UWSN to extract the authentic data safeguarding and protection mechanisms are crucial. Malicious node attacks has accomplished as one of the most challenging attacks to UWSN. Several research has been conducted to protect UWSN from malicious attacks but majority of the works depend on either training data set or a previously defined threshold. Without an established security infrastructure a UWSN required to detect the malicious attacks is a complication and challenge. In this paper, we used evidential evaluation utilizing Dempster-Shafer theory (DST) of combined multiple evidences to identify the malicious attacks in a UWSN. Moreover, it gives a numerical procedure for fusing together multiple pieces of facts from an untrustworthy and unreliable neighbor with a higher degree of conflict reliability.

Electrical analysis of single-walled carbon nanotube as gigahertz on-chip interconnects

The single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) is a promising nanostructure in the design of future high-frequency system-on-chip, especially in network-on-chip, where the quality of communication between intellectual property (IP) modules is a major concern. Shrinking dimensions of circuits and systems have restricted the use of high-frequency signal characteristics for frequencies up to 1000 GHz. Four key electrical parameters, impedance, propagation constant, current density, and signal delay time, which are crucial in the design of a high-quality interconnect, are derived for different structural configurations of SWCNT. Each of these parameters exhibits strong dependence on the frequency range over which the interconnect is designed to operate, as well as on the configuration of SWCNT. The novelty of the proposed model for solving next-generation high-speed integrated circuit (IC) interconnect challenges is illustrated, compared with existing theoretical and experimental results in the literature.

Low cost RF based online patient monitoring using web and mobile applications

To provide higher life quality for people in developing countries through the use of web and embedded systems, healthcare information should be online and accessible from anywhere in the world and the system should be affordable to mass people. This research examines wireless sensor network with real-time remote identification and monitoring of regular and critical healthcare information using low cost RF based infrastructure for homes and community healthcare centers. The integrated platform is employed to build multi-physiological signal processing, data acquisition and remote monitoring. The proposed system enables remote observers to use medical care information through the use of web and mobile application platforms which increase the portability of monitoring system therefore reducing the overall hospitalization cost. A prototype system is developed to verify the functionalities of design and test runs yielded significant promise.

Counter propagation ANN based massive adaptive array antenna beamforming for mmWave communication system

Next-generation cellular standard will use millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies to provide higher throughput. The base station will use massive array antenna to ensure better transmission to multiple users. We propose a power and an adaptive beamforming algorithm based on Counter Propagation Artificial Neural Networks (CP-ANNs). The hidden layer is a Kohonen network which categorizes the input pattern and the output layer reproduces the correct output pattern for the category. An optimization problem has been formed that adapts the angle of arrival of array antenna to maximize the throughput by saving node energy. With the partial channel state information (CSI), the proposed antenna allocate different beam widths for multiple users for reducing the interference between users and thereby improve user capacity. Simulation results show the efficiency of the proposed scheme.

Effect of technology scaling on leakage power consumption in on-chip switches

On-chip switches in reconfigurable computing systems are prone to heavy drawing of current even when they are switched off. In this work, we have evaluated the effect of shrinking dimension of electronic devices on the basis of two fundamental factors: temperature and number of inputs to the multiplexer unit which is one of the basic building blocks of on-chip switching elements. In a particular technology node, rising temperature results in at least three folds increment in power consumption whereas the leakage power consumption shows exponential trend with increasing number of inputs.

Autonomous Monitoring of River Level with Real Time Event Prediction

Observation of water level at various river sites could provide valuable insight about probable disaster in advance to initiate disaster management protocol as early as possible. We have developed an autonomous remote river water level monitoring network with event prediction algorithm at the server while maintaining a substantially low manufacturing cost. The WSN is comprised of several chosen sites based on their statistics with intelligent sensors for water level measurement. The sensors are autonomous in nature to account for any disturbance in node environment and also within the network. The real time data are transmitted to a remote server through GPRS for further processing. Server extracts information and simulates various real time parameters such as water level rise rate, time remaining to exceed the critical level for a particular site etc. A prediction algorithm running on the server side predicts the measured level values for each node over a period of time. A prototype system is implemented with six nodes at different points and has yielded satisfactory results.