Zawawi Daud

The use of polyaluminium chloride for removing colour, COD and ammonia from semi-aerobic leachate

This research examined various experimental conditions for application of Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) for removing colour, COD and ammonia from semi-aerobic. The removals of colour, COD and ammonia were up to 93%, 56% and 32%, respectively, at an optimum dosage of 2000 mg/L PAC. Rapid and slow mixing speed played only a minor role in the removal efficiencies for colour, COD and ammonia. The flocs size distribution for PAC coagulant shows an increase in floc size with increasing coagulant dosages. PAC also exhibited excellent settling characteristics, with majority of the flocs settled out in the initial 5 min of settling.

Application of combined filtration and coagulation for semi-aerobic leachate treatment.

The landfill leachate was taken from the Pulau Burung Landfill Site (PBLS), Malaysia. Filtration by limestone-zeolite (15 : 25) and limestone-GAC (15 : 25) with filtration rate = 0.01 m3/m2.minute showed that 70% and 85% of colour and 42% and 70% COD were removed, respectively. Maximum colour removal (93% and 92%) and COD removal (56% and 46%) were achieved by the addition of 2000 mg/L PAC and 9000 mg/L alum respectively. Filtration by limestone-zeolite (15 : 25) and limestone-GAC (15 : 25) followed by coagulation at optimum dosage of 800 mg/L PAC, was efficient to reduce colour (98% and 99%) and COD (70% and 86%) respectively.

Preparation and Characterization of Activated Cow Bone Powder for the Adsorption of Cadmium from Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Several studies have been conducted on the removal of heavy metals from palm oil mill effluent. In this study, cow bones were developed as an adsorbent for the removal of cadmium II from POME. A batch experiment was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the prepared activated cow bone powder for the sorption of cadmium II from raw POME. The experiment was carried out under fixed conditions using 100mg/L raw POME combined with different adsorbent dosage of CBP of 184.471 Ra(nm) surface roughness. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of the hydrophobic CBP of average contact angle 890 was determined from the relationship between the initial and equilibrium liquid phase concentrations of POME. The optimum adsorption of cadmium II on CBP was at 10g adsorbent dosage for sample 1 and 2 at 97.8% and 96.93% respectively. The least uptake was at 30g adsorbent weight for both samples at average of 95.1% for both samples. The effective removal of cadmium ion showed that CBP has a great potential for the treatment of heavy metal in POME.

Adsorption studies of leachate on cockle shells

Sanitary landfills are important means of disposing municipal solid waste in developing countries. However, these landfills are associated with the generation of leachate, which if untreated may pose severe public health risk and may damage the ecosystem in the long term. In this study, cockle shells were explored as an adsorbent media for the treatment of a stabilized landfill leachate. The optimum shaking speed, pH, and dosage for chemical oxygen demand (COD) parameter removal were investigated using the adsorbent media of particle sizes ranging from 2.00 mm to 3.35 mm. Leachate characteristics were then determined. Results indicated that leachate is non-biodegradable with high concentrations of COD (1763 mg/L), ammonia nitrogen (573 mg/L), and biochemical oxygen demand/COD (0.09). The optimum conditions for shaking were determined at 150 rpm according to the adsorption of COD by the media. Optimum pH and dosage was 5.5 and 35 g/L, respectively. The adsorption isotherms indicated that Langmuir isotherm is better fitted than Freundlich isotherm.

Remediation of Raw Wastewater of Palm Oil Mill Using Activated Cow Bone Powder through Batch Adsorption

The most critical parameter of palm oil mill effluent (POME) is chemical oxygen demand (COD mg/L). The adsorption of COD mg/L from raw POME using activated cow bone powder has been investigated. The raw POME contains 4.786 g/L of COD, which has to be treated effectively before discharge. Batch experiments were conducted at fixed condition of pH, contact time and speed at different weight dosages for different particle sizes of 75, 150 and 300μm. The result obtained showed a similar adsorption pattern for the particle sizes, the optimum removal was obtained at 150 μm at 0.025g/L with 71% removal efficiency, there was no further significant diference after the adsorption at this stage. The BET adsorption model was adopted to describe the experimental isotherm and isotherm constants for the optimum particle size. The equilibrium data fitted well to the BET model. The hydrophobic behaviour of the CBP proved by the WDPT analysis influenced the removal of COD mg/L on CBP.

Exploring Non-wood Plants as Alternative Pulps: From the Physical and Chemical Perspectives

The increasing demand in wood fibre consumptions especially in pulp and paper making has pushed forward the search for alternative fibre resources. Non-woods derived fibre could be good candidates due to its abundance availability. The objective of this study is to determine the potential of non-wood plants as alternative fibres for pulp and paper-based industries based on its chemical and physical properties. The chemical properties involved in this study (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, hot water and 1 % NaOH solubilities and ash contents) were determined according to relevant TAPPI test, Kurscher-Hoffner and Chlorite methods. Meanwhile, the physical properties (fibre length and diameter) were determined according to the Franklin method. In order to propose the suitability of the studied non-wood plants as alternative fibre resources in pulp and paper-based industries, the obtained results are compared to properties of published wood resources. Results show that lignin content (5.67 %) and 1 % NaOH solubility (19.64 %) of cogon grass are the lowest compared to cocoa pod husk and oil palm leaf. These contents influenced the production of higher pulp yield. Although cogon grass contains short fibres length than oil palm leaf, the paper product will have higher strength due to the good inter-fibre bonding. This study conclude, based on the chemical and physical properties, the cogon grass, cocoa pod husk, and oil palm leaf are suitable to be used as alternative fibre resources in pulp and paper-based industries with various applications such papers, boxes and craft materials.

Hydrology Properties At Sembrong Dam Reservoir in Johor

Water is fresh potable water is not always available at the right time or the right place for human or ecosystem use [1]. According to Straskraba and Tundisi (1999), water impoundments constructed by damming rivers are called dam reservoirs. Under the Malaysian Western Johore Agricultural Development Project, the main function of the Sembrong dam is flood mitigation. The secondary function of the dam is to provide clean water supply to 240,000 consumers in Kluang district area [2]. Water from the Sembrong dam reservoir is treated at the West Sembrong Water Treatment Plant before the distribution. Daily reservoir inflow data were extracted by applying the water balance model to the Sembrong dam reservoir. Developing hydrologic hazard curves for risk assessment uses the length of record and type of data to determine the extrapolation limits for flood frequency analysis [5]. Extrapolation beyond the data is often necessary to provide information needed for dam safety risk assessments [6]. The sources of information used for flood hazard analyses include stream flow and precipitation records and pale flood data.

Analysis of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) as a potential alternative fibre in paper industry

Abstract The forest tree had become beneficial as the major source of raw materials for paper production. However, the main concern is the dwindling forest tree resources. Fibre substitution from non-wood sources can overcome this problem. The abundance of napier grass is characterized as agro waste material, and has a high potential to become one of the substitution fibres. The objective of this work was to analyse the chemical composition of napier grass and to investigate the morphological properties of napier grass fibre. The chemical composition of the fibre was analysed by the TAPPI test method, chlorination method and Kuchner–Hoffner method. The results indicate the potential of napier grass as a fibre. The napier grass morphology showed a condensed composition of fibre structure under a scanning electron microscope. This study of napier grass indicated the suitability for promoting the green technology in developing an eco-friendly product.

Cocoa Pod Husk and Corn Stalk: Alternative Paper Fibres Study on Chemical Characterization and Morphological Structures

Due to a shortage of wood source fibre in paper making industrys interest to agriculture residues fibre as a potential fibre sources in this industry. In this situation, importance has been developing in the paper industry from agriculture residue that will replace the wood fibre. Cocoa pod husk and Corn stalk are agriculture residues, which is good materials for paper production. The objectives of this study are to investigate the chemical characterization and surface morphology structure of these materials. The main components of materials which are cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and ash content were parameters that involved in determination of chemical characterization in this study. The determination of chemical composition was accordance to Kurshner-Hoffner approach (cellulose), Chlorine Method (hemicellulose), T 222 om-06 (lignin) and T 211 om-07 (ash content). Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the surface structure of materials. From results obtained, corn stalk shows the higher amount in cellulose (39%) and hemicellulose (42%) content compared to the cocoa pod husk. In addition, lower lignin content also obtained in Corn stalk (7.3%) rather than that Cocoa pod husk (14.7%). From Scanning electron microscopy images, Corn stalk and Cocoa pod husk contained abundance lignocellulosic and rough surface structure due to the untreated materials. The result either chemical characterization or surface morphology that obtained in Corn stalk and Cocoa pod husk fibre wastes can be used successfully as an alternative fibres sources in papermaking application.

Potential of Agro Waste-Derived Adsorbent Material for Colour Removal

The potential of Empty Fruit Bunch obtained from palm oil tree as a low-cost adsorbent is a sustainable approach in wastewater treatment. The objective this study to investigate the capability of EFB for removal colour from natural rubber wastewater as well as the influence of adsorbent dosage, pH, shaking speed and contact time. The results of the analysis show that all selected factors exhibit significant effect on removal of colour. Maximum removal (87.1%) for colour was achieved at 3.5 g of adsorbent dosage, pH 7, 150 rpm of shaking speed, 120 min of contact time. The Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.9913) described colour adsorption slightly better than the Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.9805), suggesting a monolayer adsorption behavior of the adsorption processes