Želimir Veinović

Olive Leaf Extract as a Corrosion Inhibitor of Carbon Steel in CO2-Saturated Chloride– Carbonate Solution

In the present study corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in CO2-saturated chloride– carbonate solution by the olive leaf extract has been researched. For that purpose the electrochemical and spectrophotometric techniques such as potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were employed. Both electrochemical techniques, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, demonstrate that olive leaf extract inhibits the carbon steel corrosion in CO2-saturated chloride–carbonate solution. It was determined that the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing concentration of the olive leaf extract. The olive leaf extract achieves high corrosion efficiency as a mixed type inhibitor, with a prevailing influence on the anode process. Recorded electrochemical impedance spectra in the presence of the extract show the presence of the inhibitor film on the steel surface. This is further confirmed by the recording in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum.

Fuel-related Emissions from the Croatian Municipal Solid Waste Collection System in 2013: Mixed Municipal Waste

Waste removal (collection and landfilling) in the Republic of Croatia is the responsibility of the municipalities and local governments in 21 administrative units (counties). They entrust the respective economic activity to 208 private and public companies specialized in waste collection and treatment. Organised waste collection affects 99 % of the population. The mixed waste from households and enterprises is at various frequencies collected at the door (kerbside collection) and transported by truck to a landfill, or processing plant. This article aims to estimate fuel consumption and fuel-related airborne emissions from the collection of mixed municipal waste in Croatia in 2013. The input data and emission results are shown for Croatia and each Croatian county, in total, and relative to the number of inhabitants and mass of collected waste. Annual consumption of diesel for the collection of mixed waste is estimated at 10.6 million litres. At the county level, fuel consumption ranges from 87 thousand litres to 2.2 million litres, on average 504 thousand litres per county. Total emission of CO2 is estimated at 28 000 t, which at county level ranges from 231 to 5711 t. Relative emission ranges from 3.3 to 13 kg CO2 per capita (average 6.6 kg per capita), or 8.6–28.1 kg t−1 of municipal waste (average 17 kg CO2 per ton of municipal waste). The average values of CO2 emission from MSW collection that should also be the target values are 7–9 kg for mixed waste, and 8–15 kg CO2 for separate waste streams. Apart from CO2 emission, this research estimates emission of other, diesel combustion related compounds, such as NOx, CO, lubricant related CO2, NMVOC, PM, f-BC, N2O, SO2, NH3, Pb, ID[1,2,3-cd]P, B[k]F, B[b]F, B[a]P), as well as total distance of transport.

Radiological risk assessment: an overview of the ERICA Integrated Approach and the ERICA Tool use

Abstract The ERICA project (Environmental Risk from Ionising Contaminants: Assessment and Management) was co-funded by the European Union as part of the 6th Framework Programme (FP EURATOM). The project was carried out between 2004 and 2007 as the collective work of 15 organisations in seven European countries. Two significant outputs of the project are the ERICA Integrated Approach and the ERICA Tool. The ERICA Integrated Approach consists of three elements: assessment, risk characterisation and management. The ERICA Tool is a practical implementation of the assessment component of the ERICA Integrated Approach and has a three-tier structure. The aim of this review paper is to give a concise overview of ERICA project outputs and their structure, updates done since their first release in 2007, as well as to provide a context for their practical application in environmental radiation protection and radiological risk assessments for various engineering scenarios.