Zhan Wang

Integrated Land Governance for Eco-Urbanization

“Eco-urbanization�? emphasizes the importance of the ecological and environmental aspects of urbanization, which is to approach a balanced and healthy ecosystem through paying attention to the ecological inter-correlation of many factors. This involves balancing the stocks and utilization of multi-resources and balancing the efficiency and equality of multi-resources allocation to improve the quality of life for both urban and rural areas. In this dynamic process, resource allocations are carried out at different administrative levels, which have posed challenges of developing an integrated approach for eco-urbanization. Due to interaction and intersection of ecological activities among adjacent regions, a complex ecosystem tends to be in a fluid catchment area with dynamic flows of activities that transcend rigid administrative boundaries. The management of ecosystem sensitively impinges on the effectiveness of having an integrated approach of land governance in a comprehensive planning of urban–rural development. This will require scientific findings to support a policy-oriented management approach, which can take account of land use/cover changes (LUCC), ecosystem services and functions, interactive impacts of socio-economic transformation and climatic variations for optimum land use allocation to achieve the objective of ecosystem conservation and socio-economic development for both urban and rural area in a sustainable approach. Three aspects of development are identified as the importance of achieving advanced land governance for eco-urbanization. This paper aims to discuss these in turn: first, to find the adaptive measures in response to the uncertainty of climatic variation; second, to understand and research the scale and level of sustainable consumption for balancing resource saving and consumption; and third, to study ecological inter-correlation among multiple factors. We, therefore, argue that the far insight of “economic growth�? via an ecologically-centered approach based on scientific solutions of all three aspects and intergovernmental consultations is important to support land governance for eco-urbanization and to strike a balance between environmental conservation and economic development.

Economic Evolution in China Ecologically Fragile Regions

Economic evolution is considered as being driven by innovation of research and development (RD (2) regions that have higher economic performance with less innovative records highly likely have a relatively large number of indigenous knowledge unpublished throughout cultural evolution; and (3) English world has research preference to the regions that have lower economic performance with a distinctive culture in China.

Exchange Rate and Purchasing Power Parity in China Soybean Trading to USA, Argentina, and Brazil, 1999-2010

This article researches fluctuation of exchange rate has impacts on China import unit price of soybeans trading to USA, Argentina, and Brazil. Based on yearly and monthly bilateral soybeans trade data from 1999 to 2010, empirical results show that exchange rate is statistically significant to China import soybeans unit price changes in either a long run or a short run. Although dollar value of USA currency depreciation has negative impact on the exporting amount of USA soybeans, the pattern of trade in dollar values did not shift from 1999 to 2010 no matter how international trade organizations influence on trading coordination. Empirical analysis based on monthly USA-China bilateral soybeans trade data from 1999 to 2010 indicates that the volatility of the exchange rate faces a declining trend that may trigger threshold effect on China import unit price changes. Thus, trading large amount of heavy goods to China in a short period can consolidate purchasing power parity of dollar value of USA currency and affect Argentina and Brazil exporting unit price and world price changes even if it faces to a declining trend.