Zhaodan Cao

Identification and Characterization of an IκB Kinase

Abstract Activation of the transcription factor NF-κB by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) requires the NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK). In a yeast two-hybrid screen for NIK-interacting proteins, we have identified a protein kinase previously known as CHUK. Overexpression of CHUK activates a NF-κB-dependent reporter gene. A catalytically inactive mutant of CHUK is a dominant-negative inhibitor of TNF-, IL-1-, TRAF-, and NIK-induced NF-κB activation. CHUK associates with the NF-κB inhibitory protein, IκB-α, in mammalian cells. CHUK specifically phosphorylates IκB-α on both serine 32 and serine 36, modifications that are required for targeted degradation of IκB-α via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. This phosphorylation of IκB-α is greatly enhanced by NIK costimulation. Thus, CHUK is a NIK-activated IκB-α kinase that links TNF- and IL-1-induced kinase cascades to NF-κB activation.