Zhenkun Lei

Experimental analysis for the effect of dynamic capillarity on stress transformation in porous silicon

This work is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Contract Nos. 10732080 and 10502014.

Enhanced high dynamic range 3D shape measurement based on generalized phase-shifting algorithm

Abstract Measuring objects with large reflectivity variations across their surface is one of the open challenges in phase measurement profilometry (PMP). Saturated or dark pixels in the deformed fringe patterns captured by the camera will lead to phase fluctuations and errors. Jiang et al. proposed a high dynamic range real-time three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement method (Jiang et al., 2016) [17] that does not require changing camera exposures. Three inverted phase-shifted fringe patterns are used to complement three regular phase-shifted fringe patterns for phase retrieval whenever any of the regular fringe patterns are saturated. Nonetheless, Jiangs method has some drawbacks: (1) the phases of saturated pixels are estimated by different formulas on a case by case basis; in other words, the method lacks a universal formula; (2) it cannot be extended to the four-step phase-shifting algorithm, because inverted fringe patterns are the repetition of regular fringe patterns; (3) for every pixel in the fringe patterns, only three unsaturated intensity values can be chosen for phase demodulation, leaving the other unsaturated ones idle. We propose a method to enhance high dynamic range 3D shape measurement based on a generalized phase-shifting algorithm, which combines the complementary techniques of inverted and regular fringe patterns with a generalized phase-shifting algorithm. Firstly, two sets of complementary phase-shifted fringe patterns, namely the regular and the inverted fringe patterns, are projected and collected. Then, all unsaturated intensity values at the same camera pixel from two sets of fringe patterns are selected and employed to retrieve the phase using a generalized phase-shifting algorithm. Finally, simulations and experiments are conducted to prove the validity of the proposed method. The results are analyzed and compared with those of Jiangs method, demonstrating that our method not only expands the scope of Jiangs method, but also improves measurement accuracy.

Interfacial stress transfer behavior in a specially-shaped fiber/matrix pullout test

Specially designed fibers are widely used in engineering practice because the specially-designed shape can help to improve the bonding strength of the fiber and the interface. Studied in this paper is the interfacial shear stress transfer behavior on both sides of the specially designed fiber when it is being pulled out; in which automatic analysis of three-dimensional photoelasticity is employed and the finite element method is adopted. The results show that the stress transfer occurs mainly in the region near the fiber’s embedded end where the stress reaches its critical point, leading to debonding of the interface. Before debonding, as the pullout loading increases, the peak value of shear stress transfers along the fiber from the embedded end to the interior of the matrix, and then stops at the hooked part of the fiber because of its impediment. When the interface begins to debond as the load increases, the shear stress can be transferred to the hooked part.

Interfacial Micromechanics in Fibrous Composites: Design, Evaluation, and Models

Recent advances of interfacial micromechanics in fiber reinforced composites using micro-Raman spectroscopy are given. The faced mechanical problems for interface design in fibrous composites are elaborated from three optimization ways: material, interface, and computation. Some reasons are depicted that the interfacial evaluation methods are difficult to guarantee the integrity, repeatability, and consistency. Micro-Raman study on the fiber interface failure behavior and the main interface mechanical problems in fibrous composites are summarized, including interfacial stress transfer, strength criterion of interface debonding and failure, fiber bridging, frictional slip, slip transition, and friction reloading. The theoretical models of above interface mechanical problems are given.

Experimental Study on Stress Field Parameters of an Interface Crack in Aluminum/ Epoxy

Standard experimental tests including photoelasticity in the evaluation of stress intensity factors in crack tip has been regarded widely. A least-squares method is used to determine the stress field parameters of interface crack in Aluminum/ epoxy bimaterial and its evolvement. Based on multi-parameter stress field equations and the least-squares principle, a set of over-determined nonlinear equations is established by fitting the isochromatic phase field obtained by digital phase-shifting photoelasticity in this paper. An iterative procedure based on Newton-Raphson method is utilized to estimate the unknown stress field parameters. Interface crack experiments reveal that the modulus of combined stress intensity factor increases with the applied loads and however its phase angle holds the line on the condition of same loading direction. On the other hand, the modulus of combined stress intensity factor increases with the loading direction from 30o to 75o under the same applied load, however, its absolute phase angle decreases and is independent of the loads.

Precise and fast phase wraps reduction in fringe projection profilometry

Abstract Phase wraps in a 2D wrapped phase map can be completely eliminated or greatly reduced by frequency shifting. But it usually cannot be optimally reduced using conventional fast Fourier transform (FFT) because the spectrum can be shifted only by a integer number in the frequency domain. In order to achieve a significant phase wrap reduction, we propose a fast and precise two-step method for phase wraps reduction in this paper, which is based on the iterative local discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Firstly, initial estimate of the frequency peak is obtained by FFT. Then sub-pixel spectral peak with high resolution is determined by iteratively upsampling the local DFT around the initial peak location. Finally, frequency shifting algorithm that operates in the spatial domain is used to eliminate phase wraps. Simulations and experiments are conducted to demonstrate the superb computing efficiency and overall performance of the proposed method.

Enhanced two-frequency phase-shifting method based on generalized phase-shifting algorithm

Abstract In this paper, we develop a novel dual-frequency pattern which not only releases the restriction of conventional two-frequency phase-shifting algorithm that at least six fringe patterns are needed, but reduces the noise impact by decreasing the frequency ratio between the high- and low-components. To decrease the number of necessary patterns to five, a novel composite dual-frequency pattern scheme combining together a high- with a low-frequency pattern is employed. To make the algorithm less sensitivity to noise, the low-frequency component is with more than one period fringes, which is relatively prone to recover the continuous result by simple spatial phase unwrapping approach. Besides, the restriction of special phase shifts between two-frequency components in conventional methods is released by the generalized phase-shifting algorithm. Simulations and experiments are conducted to demonstrate that in addition to maintaining the minimum number of patterns, the proposed method reveals higher accuracy of phase retrieval.

Micro-Raman Analysis on Scratch of Si Surface Modified by Ion Implantation

Surface modification mechanism on scratch of ion implanted p-Si (100) is investigated by scanning electric microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Raman experimental results reveal that the amorphous Si appears near the scratch during the scratching process, while the ion implantation adjusts the structural parameters of the amorphous Si and changes the residual stress state of the surface scratch from tension to compression. Moreover, Raman experimental results reveal that the laser power synchronously decreases Raman shift and full width of half maximum intensity (FWHM). The laser heating effect can be neglected because a lower laser power is selected in our measurements.

Origin mechanism of residual stresses in porous silicon film

In this article, a metallographic microscopy, an atomic force microscopy and a field emitting scanning electronic microscopy was used to investigate the surface and the cross-sectional morphology of porous silicon films, respectively. Simple micro-structure and micro-mechanical models are established to explain the origin mechanism of residual stresses in the porous silicon. Experimental results reveal that the residual stresses have close relation with the micro-structure of the porous silicon and consist of the lattice mismatch stress, capillary stress, oxidation stress, Van der Walls force and so on. Combining micro-Raman spectroscopy with x-ray diffraction measurements, we get the total residual stress of 900MPa, and its components of the lattice mismatch stress is about of 815.8MPa, the capillary stress of 13.2MPa and the oxidation stress of 71MPa for a chemical etched porous silicon sample with a certain porosity. It can be seen that the lattice mismatch between the porous layer and the Si substrate is a major source (about 91%) for the total residual stress of the porous silicon.

Modified Fourier transform profilometry based on digital time-multiplexing technique

In order to avoid frequency aliasing,improve the spatial resolution of the phase map in Fourier transform Profilometry(FTP),an approach based on the digital time-multiplexing technique is proposed to remove the background component from the deformed fringe pattern. Firstly, a sinusoidal fringe pattern is projected onto the tested object by digital-light-processing( DLP) projector, the fringe pattern modulated by the object’s surface is captured by a CCD camera.Secondly, apply Fourier transform to the captured fringe pattern to obtain the spectrum. Thirdly, rotate the specimen’s fringe pattern 90-deg to obtain the rotated fringe pattern , then obtain the new spectrum corresponding to the rotated fringe pattern.Fourthly,the new spectrum is subtracted from the original spectrum ,clip the negative going values in the resultant spectrum by digital manipulation.Fifthly, filter out the first-order spectrum from the resultant spectrum by the band filter,apply inverse Fourier transform to the selected spectrum to obtain complex fields,then retrieve the phase, unwrap the wrapped phase map by the phase unwrapping algorithm.Finally, the simulation and experimental evaluations are conducted to prove the validity and performance of the proposed method. The results are analyzed and compared with those of the conventional method.The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method have been demonstrated and verified.