Zhongjie Xu

Temperature-dependent excitonic photoluminescence excited by two-photon absorption in perovskite CsPbBr 3 quantum dots.

Recently, lead halide perovskite quantum dots have been reported with potential for photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications due to their excellent luminescent properties. Herein excitonic photoluminescence (PL) excited by two-photon absorption in perovskite CsPbBr3 quantum dots (QDs) has been studied at a broad temperature range, from 80 to 380 K. Two-photon absorption has been investigated and the absorption coefficient is up to 0.085 cm/GW at room temperature. Moreover, the PL spectrum excited by two-photon absorption shows a linear blue-shift (0.32 meV/K) below the temperature of 220 K. However, for higher temperatures, the PL peak approaches a roughly constant value and shows temperature-independent chromaticity up to 380 K. This behavior is distinct from the general red-shift for semiconductors and can be attributed to the result of thermal expansion, electron-phonon interaction and structural phase transition around 360 K. The strong nonlinear absorption and temperature-independent chromaticity of CsPbBr3 QDs observed in temperature range from 220 to 380 K will offer new opportunities in nonlinear photonics, light-harvesting, and light-emitting devices.

Characterization of nonlinear properties of black phosphorus nanoplatelets with femtosecond pulsed Z-scan measurements.

The nonlinear properties of black phosphorus (BP) nanoplatelets (NPs) have been characterized with Z-scan measurements under 800-nm femtosecond pulsed laser excitation. A transition from saturable absorption (SA) to reverse saturable absorption (RSA) with the increase of laser intensity was observed in the open-aperture (OA) measurements. Simultaneously, closed-aperture (CA) measurements were carried out to investigate the nonlinear refractive index of BP NPs together, and a value of n(2) ≃(6.8±0.2)×10(-13) m2/W was obtained. The nonlinear absorption properties were analyzed according to the band structure of BP. A theoretical analysis based on SA and two-photon absorption (TPA) was used to determine the nonlinear absorption coefficients from the experimental results, and the TPA coefficient at 800 nm was estimated about (4.5±0.2)×10(-10) m/W.

Identification of the formation phases of filamentary damage induced by nanosecond laser pulses in bulk fused silica

Employing a pump-probe polarization-based two-frame shadowgraphy setup, the formation of filamentary damage induced in bulk fused silica by a nanosecond pulse at 1064 nm is investigated with a picosecond probe. Three different phases are exhibited in the damage experiments. The first phase is the formation of a micrometric plasma channel along the laser direction during the beginning of the pulse likely caused by multi-photon ionization. This channel exhibits growth during ∼400 ps, and the newly grown plasma is discrete. Then, during the end of the pulse, this channel evolves into a tadpole-like morphology showing an elliptical head upstream the laser flux followed by a thin tail. This observed asymmetry is attributed to shielding effects caused by both the plasma and hot modified silica. Once the damage shows its almost final morphology, a last phase consists in the launch of a pressure wave enlarging it after the laser pulse. The physical mechanisms that might be involved in the formation of plasma chan...

Photo-induced excitonic structure renormalization and broadband absorption in monolayer tungsten disulphide

Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have emerged as a new class of two-dimensional (2D) material for novel optoelectronic applications. In particular, 2D TMDCs are viewed as intriguing and appealing materials to construct Q-switching and mode-locked modulators, due to their broadband saturable absorption even of photon energy below their excitonic energies. However, the dynamics and mechanism of saturable absorption inside TMDCs has yet to be investigated. In this paper, the relaxation dynamics of monolayer tungsten disulphide (WS2) was investigated considering different excitonic transitions. WS2 illustrates dramatic changes in optical responses when excited by intense laser pulses, which are characterized by the broadband photo-induced nonresonance absorption and the giant excitonic bands renormalization process. The experimental results show that strong photo-induced restructuring of excitonic bands has picosecond lifetime and full recovery of optical responses takes hundreds of picosecond. Additionally, our observations reveal that heavy renormalization and overlap of excitonic bands are induced by strong many-body Coulomb interactions. Moreover, the broadband absorption feature of WS2 opens up new applications in broadband saturable absorbers and ultrafast photonic devices.

Thickness-dependent carrier and phonon dynamics of topological insulator Bi 2 Te 3 thin films

As a new quantum state of matter, topological insulators offer a new platform for exploring new physics, giving rise to fascinating new phenomena and new devices. Lots of novel physical properties of topological insulators have been studied extensively and are attributed to the unique electron-phonon interactions at the surface. Although electron behavior in topological insulators has been studied in detail, electron-phonon interactions at the surface of topological insulators are less understood. In this work, using optical pump-optical probe technology, we performed transient absorbance measurement on Bi2Te3 thin films to study the dynamics of its hot carrier relaxation process and coherent phonon behavior. The excitation and dynamics of phonon modes are observed with a response dependent on the thickness of the samples. The thickness-dependent characteristic time, amplitude and frequency of the damped oscillating signals are acquired by fitting the signal profiles. The results clearly indicate that the electron-hole recombination process gradually become dominant with the increasing thickness which is consistent with our theoretical calculation. In addition, a frequency modulation phenomenon on the high-frequency oscillation signals induced by coherent optical phonons is observed.

Effects of thermally generated carrier and temperature dependence mobility in InSb photoconductive detector under CW 10.6 µm laser irradiation

The response mechanism of n-type indium antimonide photoconductive detectors under intense continuous wave (CW) 10.6 µm laser irradiation is investigated. The magnitude of the Voc signals and the exact shape of the signals vary greatly with laser power density and irradiation time. It is found that the signals begin to decrease at a critical time when laser power density is held in a constant value. If the irradiation time is fixed, the signals begin to decrease in a critical laser power density. The Voc signals for both radiation process and the end of laser irradiation have two different response time scales. A two-dimensional model of the detector for CW laser irradiation is presented. The calculated response curves agree well with the experimental results. The two separate time scales are found to be due to two thermally resistive bonding layers. Temperature-dependent mobility is the domain mechanism for the increasing tendency of Voc signals, and the decreasing tendency results from thermally generated carrier effect.

Modification of degenerative photoluminescence in aged monolayer WS 2 by PC 61 BM surface processing

Owing to their unique physical properties, monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have been widely used in applications of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, monolayers of TMDCs undergo dramatic aging effects, including intense degradation in optical behavior, extensive cracking, and severe quenching of the direct gap photoluminescence (PL), seriously limiting the device performance. In this work, we show that monolayer WS2 stored for three months even in the glovebox exhibits obvious degenerative PL with changed peak position that can be attributed to the presence of a large number of trions induced by the aging effect. PC61BM surface processing was used to modify the surface of the aged monolayer WS2. As expected, higher uniformity in the PL spectrum was obtained. Besides, the PL peak wavelength was modified to be the same as that of the nonaged one and did not change even at higher excitation power. This strategy is shown to successfully suppress the formation of the trion by transferring the excess electrons from WS2 to PC61BM. The results demonstrate the feasibility of applying PC61BM surface modification to improve the performance of the LED based on monolayer WS2.

Dielectric properties of a CsPbBr_3 quantum dot solution in the terahertz region

In recent years, CsPbBr3 quantum dots (QDs) have attracted much attention due to their bright prospects in solar cell studies. Dielectric properties are important for the fabrication of optoelectronic devices. Here, the dielectric properties of a CsPbBr3 QD solution are investigated between 0.1 and 2.0 THz by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The measured frequency-dependent transmitted ratio is found to decrease from 0.96 to 0.80 in this range. By comparing different concentrations of the QD solution, the frequency-averaged absorption is linearly increased with the increase in QD concentration. After that, the frequency-dependent dielectric constant, including the complex refractive index, complex dielectric constant, and conductivity, is extracted by Fourier transform of the time-domain spectrum. An effective medium approach method is adopted to extract the complex dielectric constant of a CsPbBr3 QD inclusion, and a slight peak around 0.4 THz is found in the imaginary part of the dielectric constant. The result of Drude-Lorentz fitting shows that the phonon plays a dominant role in the dielectric properties of a CsPbBr3 QD solution. Moreover, the THz response of a CsPbBr3 QD is found to be unchanged when the test is conducted under illumination. We attribute this phenomenon to the discrete energy level of excitons in CsPbBr3 QDs due to quantum confinement, and design a comparative experiment to validate it. This study is significant for its deeper insight into the dielectric properties of CsPbBr3 QDs, and thus is helpful through its applications in optoelectronics.

Observation of particle ejection behavior following laser-induced breakdown on the rear surface of a sodium chloride optical window

Abstract. Laser-induced rear surface breakdown process of sodium chloride (NaCl) optical window was investigated based on the time-resolved shadowgraphy and interferometry. Violent particle ejection behavior lasting from tens of nanoseconds to tens of microseconds after the breakdown was observed. Classified by the particle velocity and propagating direction, the ejection process can be divided into three phases: (1) high-speed ejection of liquid particles during the first 100-ns delay; (2) micron-sized material clusters ejection from ∼100-ns to ∼1-μs delay; (3) larger and slower solid-state particles ejection from ∼1  μs to tens of microseconds delay. The moving directions of particles in the first and third phases are both perpendicular to the sample surface while particles ejected in the second phase exhibits angular ejection and present a V-like particle pattern. Mechanisms include explosive boiling, impact ejection, and shockwave ejection are discussed to explain this multiple phase ejection behavior. Our results highlight the significance of impact ejection induced by recoil pressure and backward propagating internal shockwave for laser-induced rear surface breakdown events of optical materials with low melting point.