Zhypargul Abdullaeva

Wurtzite-type ZnS nanoparticles by pulsed electric discharge

The synthesis of wurtzite-type ZnS nanoparticles by an electric discharge submerged in molten sulfur is reported. Using a pulsed plasma between two zinc electrodes of diameter 5 mm in molten sulfur, we have synthesized high-temperature phase (wurtzite-type) ZnS nanocrystals with an average size of about 20 nm. The refined lattice parameters of the synthesized wurtzite-type ZnS nanoparticles were found to be larger than those of the reported ZnS (JCPDS card no 36-1450). Synthesis of ZnMgS (solid solution of ZnS and MgS) was achieved by using ZnMg alloys as both cathode and anode electrodes. UV-visible absorption spectroscopy analysis showed that the absorption peak of the as-prepared ZnS sample (319 nm) displays a blue-shift compared to the bulk ZnS (335 nm). Photoluminescence spectra of the samples revealed peaks at 340, 397, 423, 455 and 471 nm, which were related to excitonic emission and stoichiometric defects.

High temperature stable WC1−x@C and TiC@C core–shell nanoparticles by pulsed plasma in liquid

High temperature phase tungsten carbide and titanium carbide coated with graphitic carbon (WC1−x@C and TiC@C) nanoparticles were synthesized by pulsed plasma in liquid. HRTEM results show that the average size of WC1−x@C and TiC@C nanoparticles are 30 and 35 nm, respectively. Raman spectroscopy revealed well-organized graphitic coatings, which make the nanoparticles stable at higher temperatures and resistant to oxidation. Refinement of the XRD profiles showed larger cell parameters compared to JCPDS cards. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analyses showed the higher thermal stability up to 601 and 543.4 °C, for the WC1−x@C and TiC@C nanoparticles, these are 43% and 36% more compared to the thermal stability of previously reported nanoparticles, which degraded at around 350 °C.

Pulsed Plasma Synthesis of Iron and Nickel Nanoparticles Coated by Carbon for Medical Applications

Fe and Ni magnetic nanoparticles coated by carbon were synthesized between the Fe–Fe and Ni–Ni metal electrodes, submerged in ethanol using pulsed plasma in a liquid method. Iron coated carbon (Fe@C) nanoparticles have an average size of 32 nm, and Ni@C nanoparticles are 40 nm. Obtained samples exhibit a well-defined crystalline structure of the inner Fe and Ni cores, encapsulated in the graphitic carbon coatings. Cytotoxicity studies performed on the MCF-7 (breast cancer) cell line showed small toxicity about 88–74% at 50 µg/mL of Fe@C and Ni@C nanoparticles, which can be significant criteria for use them in medical cancer treatment. In addition, appropriate sizes, good magnetic properties and well-organized graphitic carbon coatings are highlight merits of Fe@C and Ni@C nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed plasma.

Magnetite Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Pulsed Plasma in Liquid

Iron oxide nanoparticles have attracted much attention over the last few years owing to their fundamental importance and technological applications. In this work, spherical ferromagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles with an average diameter of 19 nm were synthesized by a simple and one-step method, pulsed plasma in liquid. Pulsed plasma, induced by a low-voltage spark discharge, was submerged in a dielectric liquid at a voltage of 200 V, a current of 6 A, a frequency of 60 Hz, and a single discharge duration of 10 µs. Water with different concentrations of 1-hexadecylpyridinium bromide (CPyB) was applied as a liquid, and several experiments made evident that the surfactant concentration affects the phase compositions of the produced materials. The purity of the magnetite phase in the sample increased (from 65 to 98%) with increasing CPyB concentration (from 0.10 to 0.84 g) in 200 ml of water. The crystal structure of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with the Fdm space group and a lattice parameter of a = 0.8393 nm was evident from X-ray diffraction results. Magnetite nanoparticles were investigated further by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy/energy-dispersive spectroscopy and thermogravimetrical analysis, and using a vibrating sample magnetometer.

Purification on Nanomaterials

This chapter presents purification methods and techniques for different kinds of nanomaterials, such as gold, silver, and ZnO nanoparticles as well as CdSe and CdTe quantum dots. The experimental setup and techniques involved in the purification process are expressed and quantified via fundamental relations.

Synthesis of Nanomaterials by Prokaryotes

This chapter focuses on the synthesis of various nanoparticles using prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and viruses. The morphology of synthesized nanoparticles has been observed under transmission electron (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopes (HRTEM). In addition, other features have been revealed by ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectrophotometry. The nanoparticle synthesis mechanisms based on biochemical processes managed by enzymes are schematically explained.

Zoosynthesis of Nanomaterials

This chapter explains synthesis of metal and ceramic nanoparticles, nanostructure, and nanocomposite materials using marine invertebrate organisms, such as sponges, crabs, and shells derived from calm, oyster, abalone, and the scallop. Synthesis procedures with chemical quantifications and morphological characterizations including TEM, HRTEM, FTIR, and UV-absorption spectroscopy analyses are described.

Phyto-Synthesis of Nanomaterials

This chapter describes the synthesis of various nanoparticles based on the principles of Green Chemistry. The procedure and main steps in the nanoparticles synthesis using plant extracts are explained. Size and shape of as-obtained nanoparticles, synthesis mechanisms of distinct plant species, and the factors affecting synthesis such as effect of pH, broth concentration, and reaction time are discussed for metal nanoparticles synthesized by a diversity of plants.

Characterization of Nanoparticles After Biological Synthesis

This chapter describes the phase and morphological characterizations of nanoparticles synthesized by biological approaches under X-ray, microscope, and spectroscopical techniques. Theoretical principles with derived equations are presented for each characterization technique.

Nanomaterials for Clothing and Textile Products

Textile is referred to any woven fabric or cloth, also to the raw material suitable to be made into cloth (e.g., fiber or yarn), while clothing is defined as an article designed to cover, protect, or adorn the body, while fashion is the area of activity that involves styles of clothing and appearance (Collins Dict. 2016).