Zochil González Arenas

Dynamical symmetries of Markov processes with multiplicative white noise

We analyse various properties of stochastic Markov processes with multiplicative white noise. We take a single-variable problem as a simple example, and we later extend the analysis to the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation for the stochastic dynamics of a magnetic moment. In particular, we focus on the non-equilibrium transfer of angular momentum to the magnetization from a spin-polarised current of electrons, a technique which is widely used in the context of spintronics to manipulate magnetic moments. We unveil two hidden dynamical symmetries of the generating functionals of these Markovian multiplicative white-noise processes. One symmetry only holds in equilibrium and we use it to prove generic relations such as the fluctuation-dissipation theorems. Out of equilibrium, we take profit of the symmetry-breaking terms to prove fluctuation theorems. The other symmetry yields strong dynamical relations between correlation and response functions which can notably simplify the numerical analysis of these problems. Our construction allows us to clarify some misconceptions on multiplicative white-noise stochastic processes that can be found in the literature. In particular, we show that a first-order differential equation with multiplicative white noise can be transformed into an additive-noise equation, but that the latter keeps a non-trivial memory of the discretisation prescription used to define the former.

Nonlinear inhomogeneous Fokker-Planck equation within a generalized Stratonovich prescription

We deduce a nonlinear and inhomogeneous Fokker-Planck equation within a generalized Stratonovich, or stochastic α, prescription (α=0, 1/2, and 1, respectively, correspond to the Itô, Stratonovich and anti-Itô prescriptions). We obtain its stationary state p(st)(x) for a class of constitutive relations between drift and diffusion and show that it has a q-exponential form, p(st)(x)=N(q)[1-(1-q)βV(x)](1/(1-q)), with an index q which does not depend on α in the presence of any nonvanishing nonlinearity. This is in contrast with the linear case, for which the index q is α dependent.

Hidden symmetries and equilibrium properties of multiplicative white-noise stochastic processes

Multiplicative white-noise stochastic processes continue to attract attention in a wide area of scientific research. The variety of prescriptions available for defining them makes the development of general tools for their characterization difficult. In this work, we study equilibrium properties of Markovian multiplicative white-noise processes. For this, we define the time reversal transformation for such processes, taking into account that the asymptotic stationary probability distribution depends on the prescription. Representing the stochastic process in a functional Grassmann formalism, we avoid the necessity of fixing a particular prescription. In this framework, we analyze equilibrium properties and study hidden symmetries of the process. We show that, using a careful definition of the equilibrium distribution and taking into account the appropriate time reversal transformation, usual equilibrium properties are satisfied for any prescription. Finally, we present a detailed deduction of a covariant supersymmetric formulation of a multiplicative Markovian white-noise process and study some of the constraints that it imposes on correlation functions using Ward–Takahashi identities.

Langevin dynamics for vector variables driven by multiplicative white noise: A functional formalism.

We discuss general multidimensional stochastic processes driven by a system of Langevin equations with multiplicative white noise. In particular, we address the problem of how time reversal diffusion processes are affected by the variety of conventions available to deal with stochastic integrals. We present a functional formalism to build up the generating functional of correlation functions without any type of discretization of the Langevin equations at any intermediate step. The generating functional is characterized by a functional integration over two sets of commuting variables, as well as Grassmann variables. In this representation, time reversal transformation became a linear transformation in the extended variables, simplifying in this way the complexity introduced by the mixture of prescriptions and the associated calculus rules. The stochastic calculus is codified in our formalism in the structure of the Grassmann algebra. We study some examples such as higher order derivative Langevin equations and the functional representation of the micromagnetic stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation.

Supersymmetric formulation of multiplicative white-noise stochastic processes.

We present a supersymmetric formulation of Markov processes, represented by a family of Langevin equations with multiplicative white noise. The hidden symmetry encodes equilibrium properties such as fluctuation-dissipation relations. The formulation does not depend on the particular prescription to define the Wiener integral. In this way, different equilibrium distributions, reached at long times for each prescription, can be formally treated on the same footing.

Stochastic dynamics of planar magnetic moments in a three-dimensional environment

Abstract We study the stochastic dynamics of a two-dimensional magnetic moment embedded in a three-dimensional environment, described by means of the stochastic Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert (sLLG) equation. We define a covariant generalization of this equation, valid in the “generalized Stratonovich discretization prescription”. We present a path integral formulation that allows to compute any n -point correlation function, independently of the stochastic calculus used. Using this formalism, we show the equivalence between the cartesian formulation with vectorial noise, and the polar formulation with just one scalar fluctuation term. In particular, we show that, for isotropic fluctuations, the system is represented by an additive stochastic process , despite of the multiplicative terms appearing in the original formulation of the sLLG equation, but, for anisotropic fluctuations the noise turns out to be truly multiplicative.

Bosonic binary mixtures with Josephson-type interactions

Motivated by experiments in bosonic mixtures composed of a single element in two different hyperfine states, we study bosonic binary mixtures in the presence of Josephson interactions between species. We focus on a particular model with O(2) isospin symmetry, lifted by an imbalanced population parametrized by a Rabi frequency, ΩR, and a detuning, ν, which couples the phases of both species. We have studied the model at mean-field approximation plus Gaussian fluctuations. We have found that both species simultaneously condensate below a critical temperature Tc and the relative phases are locked by the applied laser phase, α. Moreover, the condensate fractions are strongly dependent on the ratio ΩR/∣ν∣ that is not affected by thermal fluctuations.

Path integral approach to nonequilibrium potentials in multiplicative Langevin dynamics

We present a path integral formalism to compute potentials for nonequilibrium steady states, reached by a multiplicative stochastic dynamics. We develop a weak-noise expansion, which allows the explicit evaluation of the potential in arbitrary dimensions and for any stochastic prescription. We apply this general formalism to study noise-induced phase transitions. We focus on a class of multiplicative stochastic lattice models and compute the steady state phase diagram in terms of the noise intensity and the lattice coupling. We obtain, under appropriate conditions, an ordered phase induced by noise. By computing entropy production, we show that microscopic irreversibility is a necessary condition to develop noise-induced phase transitions. This property of the nonequilibrium stationary state has no relation with the initial stages of the dynamical evolution, in contrast with previous interpretations, based on the short-time evolution of the order parameter.