Zuobing Xiao

Characterization of aroma compounds of Chinese famous liquors by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and flash GC electronic-nose

Aroma composition of five Chinese premium famous liquors with different origins and liquor flavor types was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and flash gas chromatographic electronic nose system. Eighty-six aroma compounds were identified, including 5 acids, 34 esters, 10 alcohols, 9 aldehydes, 4 ketones, 4 phenols, and 10 nitrous and sulfuric compounds. To investigate possible correlation between aroma compounds identified by GC-MS and sensory attributes, multivariate ANOVA-PLSR (APLSR) was performed. It turned out that there were 30 volatile composition, ethyl acetate, ethyl propanoate, ethyl 2-methyl butanoate, ethyl 3-methyl butanoate, ethyl lactate, ethyl benzenacetate, 3-methylbutyl acetate, hexyl acetate, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-heptanol, phenylethyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, 1,1-diethoxy-3-methyl butane, furfural, benzaldehyde, 5-methyl-2-furanal, 2-octanone, 2-n-butyl furan, dimethyl trisulfied and 2,6-dimethyl pyrazine, ethyl nonanoate, isopentyl hexanoate, octanoic acid, ethyl 5-methyl hexanoate, 2-phenylethyl acetate,ethyl oleate, propyl hexanoate, butanoic acid and phenol, ethyl benzenepropanoate, which showed good coordination with Chinese liquor characteristics. The multivariate structure of this electronic nose responses was then processed by principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). According to the obtained results, GC-MS and electronic nose can be used for the differentiation of the liquor origins and flavor types.

A review of the preparation and application of flavour and essential oils microcapsules based on complex coacervation technology

This paper briefly introduces the preparation and application of flavour and essential oils microcapsules based on complex coacervation technology. The conventional encapsulating agents of oppositely charged proteins and polysaccharides that are used for microencapsulation of flavours and essential oils are reviewed along with the recent advances in complex coacervation methods. Proteins extracted from animal-derived products (gelatin, whey proteins, silk fibroin) and from vegetables (soy proteins, pea proteins), and polysaccharides such as gum Arabic, pectin, chitosan, agar, alginate, carrageenan and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose are described in depth. In recent decades, flavour and essential oils microcapsules have found numerous potential practical applications in food, textiles, agriculturals and pharmaceuticals. In this paper, the different coating materials and their application are discussed in detail. Consequently, the information obtained allows criteria to be established for selecting a method for the preparation of microcapsules according to their advantages, limitations and behaviours as carriers of flavours and essential oils.

Characterization of odor-active compounds of various cherry wines by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-olfactometry and their correlation with sensory attributes.

To characterize the aroma of cherry wine, five samples were analyzed by quantitative descriptive sensory analysis, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). The aroma of cherry wines was described by 6 sensory terms as fruity, sour, woody, fermentation, cameral and floral. Fifty-one odor-active (OA) compounds were detected by GC-O and quantified by GC-MS, and 45 of them were identified. Twenty-nine OA compounds having more than 50% detection frequency were selected as specific compounds correlated to sensory attributes by partial least squares regression (PLSR). The correlation result showed ethyl 2-methyl propionate, 2,3-butanedione, ethyl butyrate, ethyl pentanoate, 3-methyl-1-butanol, ethyl hexanoate, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, ethyl lactate, 1-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, ethyl hydroxyacetate, acetic acid, furfural, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, benzaldehyde, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, guaiacol, beta-citronellol, hexanoic acid, 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, 2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one, ethyl cinnamate, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol were typical OA compounds, which covaried with characteristic aroma of cherry wines.

Comparison of Aroma-Active Volatiles in Oolong Tea Infusions Using GC–Olfactometry, GC–FPD, and GC–MS

The aroma profile of oolong tea infusions (Dongdingwulong, DDWL; Tieguanyin, TGY; Dahongpao, DHP) were investigated in this study. Gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) with the method of aroma intensity (AI) was employed to investigate the aroma-active compounds in tea infusions. The results presented forty-three, forty-five, and forty-eight aroma-active compounds in the TGY, DHP, and DDWL infusions, including six, seven, and five sulfur compounds, respectively. In addition, the concentration of volatile compounds in the tea infusions was further quantitated by solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography (SPME)-GC-MS and SPME-GC-flame photometric detection (FPD). Totally, seventy-six and thirteen volatile and sulfur compounds were detected in three types of tea infusions, respectively. Quantitative results showed that forty-seven aroma compounds were at concentrations higher than their corresponding odor thresholds. On the basis of the odor activity values (OAVs), 2-methylpropanal (OAV: 230-455), 3-methylbutanal (1-353), 2-methylbutanal (34-68), nerolidol (108-184), (E)-2-heptenal (148-294), hexanal (134-230), octanal (28-131), β-damascenone (29-59), indole (96-138), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (34-67), (R)-(-)-linalool (63-87), and dimethyl sulfide (7-1320) presented relatively higher OAVs than those of other compounds, indicating the importance of these compounds in the overall aroma of tea infusions.

Rapid measuring and modelling flavour quality changes of oxidised chicken fat by electronic nose profiles through the partial least squares regression analysis.

The objective of this study was to investigate whether an electronic nose, comprising 18 metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors, could be used for measuring and modelling flavour quality changes of refined chicken fat during controlled oxidation. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was applied to determine the predictive relationships between the chemical parameters, GC-MS data, free fatty acid profiles and electronic nose responses for controlled oxidation of refined chicken fat. The results showed that peroxide value (PV) and acid value (AV) were significantly well predicted by the electronic nose responses, whereas p-anisidine value (p-AV) was found to be fairly well predicted especially for deeply oxidised chicken fat. Thus, this study gave evidence of the electronic nose system to be a promising device for future at- or on-line implementation in oxidation control of chicken fat for producing meat flavourings.

Contribution of beef base to aroma characteristics of beeflike process flavour assessed by descriptive sensory analysis and gas chromatography olfactometry and partial least squares regression

Descriptive sensory analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were conducted to investigate changes in aroma characteristics of beeflike process flavours (BPFs) prepared from enzymatically hydrolyzed beef (beef base) of different DH (degree of hydrolysis) with other ingredients. Five attributes (beefy, meaty, simulate, mouthful and roasted) were selected to assess BPFs. The results of descriptive sensory analysis confirmed that BPF2 from beef base of moderate DH 29.13% was strongest in beefy, meaty and simulate characteristics; BPF4 and BPF5 from beef base of higher DH (40.43% and 44.22%, respectively) were superior in mouthful and roasted attributes respectively; while BPF0 without beef base gave weaker odour for all attributes. Twenty six compounds from GC-MS were selected as specific compounds to represent beef odour based on their odour-active properties assessed by a detection frequency method of GC-O and correlation of their contents with sensory attributes intensity. Correlation analysis of molecular weight (MW) of peptides, odour-active compounds and sensory attributes through partial least squares regression (PLSR) further explained that beef base with DH of 29.13% was a desirable precursor for imparting aroma characteristics of beeflike process flavour.

Study of production and pyrolysis characteristics of sweet orange flavor-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex.

Flavor plays an important role and has been widely used in foods. Encapsulation can prevent the loss of volatile aromatic ingredients, provide protection and enhance the stability of the flavor. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters are helpful in understanding the mechanism of molecular recognition between hosts and guests. This work focused on the study of production of a sweet orange flavor-β-cyclodextrin (CD) inclusion complex, and investigated the combination of flavor and β-CD by thermogravimetric analysis. Pyrolysis characteristics, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the flavor-β-CD inclusion complex were determined. The results showed that the flavor-β-CD inclusion complexes can form large aggregates in water. During thermal degradation of blank β-CD and flavor-β-CD inclusion complex, three main stages can be distinguished. The thermogravimetric (TG) curve of blank β-CD shows a leveling-off from room temperature to 250°C, while the TG curve of flavor-β-CD inclusion complex is downward sloping in this temperature range.

Comparison of compounded fragrance and chitosan nanoparticles loaded with fragrance applied in cotton fabrics

The long-term fragrance releasing textiles hold considerable market share in textile consumption market. Then, encapsulating fragrance in nanoparticles could reduce the evaporation of volatile components and prolong the service life of aroma finished textiles. In this paper, chitosan (CS) with excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability was used to encapsulate rose fragrance to form nanoparticles via the ionic gelification. The mean diameter of spherical chitosan nanoparticles loaded with fragrance (RF-NPs) was 138 nm, zeta potential was 10.20 mV and polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.110. RF-NPs and compounded rose fragrance (RF) were applied to the cotton fabrics respectively without the adhesive agents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that the number of the fragrance particles on the cotton fibres finished by RF-NPs was more than that finished by RF. Besides, after 20 cycles of washing, more RF-NPs still fixed on the surface of the cotton fabrics. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) proved that RF-NPs have been incorporated into the cotton fibres successfully. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and ultraviolet (UV) spectrum analysis showed that the fragrance loss from the cotton fabrics finished by RF-NPs was obviously lower than that by RF after 20 washing cycles. The cotton fabrics finished by chitosan nanoparticles loaded with fragrance had better sustained release property, which provided a preparation method of the green aroma fnished textiles without the resin.

Effect of enzymatic hydrolysis with subsequent mild thermal oxidation of tallow on precursor formation and sensory profiles of beef flavours assessed by partial least squares regression.

Effects of different pretreatments of tallow on flavour precursor development and flavour profiles of beef flavours (BFs) were evaluated. Analysis of free fatty acids and volatiles of tallow by GC and GC-MS indicated that the enzymatic hydrolyzed-thermally oxidized tallow formed the most characteristic flavour precursors compared with others. The results of descriptive sensory analysis confirmed that beef flavour 4 from enzymatic hydrolyzed-thermally oxidized tallow had the strongest beefy, meaty and odour characteristics, followed by beef flavour 2 from oxidized tallow. Electronic nose data confirmed the accuracy of the sensory analysis results. The correlation analysis of 51 volatile compounds in tallow and sensory attributes of BFs showed that some compounds, especially aldehydes, made a significant contribution to sensory attributes. Correlation analysis of free fatty acids and sensory attributes through partial least squares regression (PLSR) confirmed that the moderate enzymatic hydrolysis-thermal oxidation pretreatment of tallow was necessary to achieve the characteristic beef flavour.

Contribution of oxidized tallow to aroma characteristics of beeflike process flavour assessed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and partial least squares regression.

Flavour profiles of seven beeflike process flavours (BFs) including non-oxidized or oxidized tallow were comparatively analysed by electronic nose, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and descriptive sensory analysis to characterize the headspace of BFs. Analysis of volatiles by GC-MS indicated that the effect of oxidized tallow with moderate oxidization level on Maillard reaction was more prominent than that of others, which potentially could result in an optimal meat flavour with strong, harmony and species-specific characteristics detected by sensory analysis. In addition, electronic nose data confirmed the accuracy of the GC-MS and sensory analysis results. Correlation analysis of the electronic nose measurements, sensory evaluation and characteristic compounds through Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) further explained that moderate oxidized tallow with peroxide value (PV) of 87.67-160 mequiv./kg, the p-anisidine value (p-AV) of 30.57-50, and the acid value (AV) of 1.8-2.2 mg KOH/g tallow was a desirable precursor for imparting aroma characteristics of beef flavour.