Zuolun Zhang

Geochronology of magmatism and mineralization of the Daheishan giant porphyry molybdenum deposit, Jilin Province, Northeast China: constraints on ore genesis and implications for geodynamic setting

Daheishan giant porphyry Mo deposit is located in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges, Jilin Province, NE China. Mineralization is closely related to the Daheishan intrusive complex, which can be divided into Changganglin biotite granodiorite, Qiancuoluo biotite granodiorite, and Qiancuoluo granodioritic porphyry. Four stages of mineralization are distinguished, based on the cross-cutting relationships of mineralized veins. LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb analysis yields 206Pb/238U ages of 177.9 ± 2.3 Ma for the Changganglin biotite granodiorite, 169.9 ± 2.3 Ma for the Qiancuoluo biotite granodiorite, and 166.6 ± 4.0 Ma for the Qiancuoluo granodioritic porphyry. Hydrothermal fluids responsible for mineralization evolved from different magmas. Six molybdenite samples yield Re-Os model ages of ~167 Ma. Muscovite from the last mineralization stage gives a 40Ar/39Ar plateau age of 163.6 ± 0.9 Ma. Geochronology data indicate that the entire magmatic system lasted for about 10 million years, and the total duration of hydrothermal activity was less than 4 million years. The εHf(t) values of zircons obtained from the Changganglin biotite granodiorite, Qiancuoluo biotite granodiorite, and Qiancuoluo granodioritic porphyry range from 4.5 to 9.1, 5.7 to 10.9, and 4.4 to 7.1, respectively, indicating that they were mainly derived from the depleted mantle, although contaminated by crustal materials to a greater or lesser extent. The formation of the Daheishan porphyry Mo deposit was temporally and spatially related to the amalgamation of Jiamusi Massif and Songliao terrane in the Palaeo-Pacific Ocean regime. Regional Hf isotopic compositions of zircon suggest an episode of crustal growth in the Phanerozoic in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges. Regional Mo mineralization ages suggest a peak of porphyry Mo mineralization in the Jurassic in the Lesser Xing’an-Zhangguangcai Ranges.

Genesis of the Chehugou Mo-bearing granitic complex on the northern margin of the North China Craton: geochemistry, zircon U–Pb age and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes

The Chehugou granite-hosted molybdenum deposit is typical of the Xilamulun metallogenic belt, which is an important Mo–Ag–Pb–Zn producer in China. A combination of major and trace element, Sr and Nd isotope, and zircon U–Pb isotopic data are reported for the Chehugou batholith to constrain its petrogenesis and Mo mineralization. The zircon SIMS U–Pb dating yields mean ages of 384.7 ± 4.0 Ma and 373.1 ± 5.9 Ma for monzogranite and syenogranite and 265.6 ± 3.5 Ma and 245.1 ± 4.4 Ma for syenogranite porphyry and granite porphyry, respectively. The Devonian granites are calc-alkaline with K 2 O/Na 2 O ratios of 0.44–0.52, the Permian granites are alkali-calcic with K 2 O/Na 2 O ratios of 1.13–1.25, and the Triassic granites are calc-alkaline and alkali-calcic rocks with K 2 O/Na 2 O ratios of 0.78–1.63. They are all enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and depleted in high-field-strength elements (HFSEs) with negative Nb and Ta anomalies in primitive mantle-normalized trace element diagrams. They have relatively high Sr (189–1256 ppm) and low Y (3.87–5.43 ppm) concentrations. The Devonian granites have relatively high initial Sr isotope ratios of 0.7100–0.7126, negative ɛ Nd ( t ) values of −12.3 to −12.4 and 206 Pb/ 204 Pb ratios of 16.46–17.50. In contrast, the Permian and Triassic granitoids have relatively low initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios (0.7048–0.7074), negative ɛ Nd ( t ) values of −10.1 to −13.1 and 206 Pb/ 204 Pb ratios of 17.23–17.51. These geochemical features suggest that the Devonian, Permian and Triassic Chehugou granitoids were derived from ancient, garnet-bearing crustal rocks related to subduction of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean and subsequent continent–continent collision between the North China and Siberian plates.

Direct determination of the polarization direction of domains in BaTiO3 single crystal

The polarization directions of domains in BaTiO3 single crystal are determined by convergent-beam electron diffraction directly. The intensity distributions in the (001) and (001¯) diffraction disks are different, which is due to the noncentrosymmetric unit cell of ferroelectrics. The in situ transmission electron microscopy observations on the evolution of domains under external fields indicate that the disk with a little brighter center fringes is the (001) disk and the polarization vector is toward this disk. The method provides a straightforward criterion for polarization direction determination of ferroelectric domains.

Triassic magmatism and Mo mineralization in Northeast China: geochronological and isotopic constraints from the Laojiagou porphyry Mo deposit

The Laojiagou Mo deposit is a newly discovered porphyry Mo deposit located in the Xilamulun Mo metallogenic belt, Northeast China. Mo mineralization mainly occurred within the monzogranite and monzogranite porphyry. Re–Os isochron dating of molybdenites indicate a mineralization age of 234.9 ± 3.1 Ma. Zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb analysis for monzogranite porphyry and monzogranite yield 206Pb/238U ages of 238.6 ± 1.8 and 241.3 ± 1.5 Ma, respectively, indicating that Laojiagou Mo mineralization is related to Middle Triassic magmatism. Hf isotopic compositions of zircons from both monzogranite porphyry and monzogranite are characterized by positive εHf(t) values [εHf(t) = 2.9–7.3 and 1.5–7.9, respectively] and young TDM2 model ages, which implies that the magma was derived from juvenile crust created during accretion of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). Identification of the Laojiagou Mo deposit adds another important example of Triassic Mo mineralization in the Xilamulun Mo metallogenic belt where most Triassic Mo deposits in northeast China cluster around the northern margin of North China Craton. Based on the regional geological setting and geochronological and Hf isotope characteristics, we propose that Triassic Mo deposits and related magmatic rocks in northeast China formed during the last stages of evolution of the CAOB. These deposits formed during post-collisional extension after the closure of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean and amalgamation of the North China–Mongolian Block with the Siberian Craton.

Transmission electron microscopy investigation of self-assembly ZnO twinning nanostructures

Self-assembly ZnO twinning nanostructures are studied by transmission electron microscopy systematically. Selected area electron diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy observations indicate two types of twin boundaries (011¯1¯) and (011¯3) appeared in the same nanostructure and the twinning relationships are well defined. Convergent-beam electron diffraction techniques determine the polarities of the building blocks are all Zn terminated with the help of theoretical simulations, which is further confirmed by electron energy loss spectroscopy under (0002) and (0002¯) Bragg conditions.