ρ exchange contribution to neutrinoless double beta decay
ρρ exchange contribution to neutrinoless double beta decay Namit Mahajan ∗ Theoretical Physics Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009, India
We consider ρ meson contributions to neutrinoless double beta decay amplitude stemming fromthe hadronization of the short distance quark-electron currents. These contributions are evaluatedwithin vacuum dominance approximation. The one and two ρ exchange contributions affect theFermi transition nuclear matrix element in a way that lead to near cancellations in the same chirality,left-left and right-right, short range amplitudes when these new contributions are combined withthe conventional short range amplitudes, while the left-right amplitude almost triples. This thennecessitates the inclusion of ρ exchange amplitudes in any phenomenological study, like in left-righttheories. Experiments have firmly established that the neu-trinos, which are massless within the Standard Model(SM) of particle physics, have non-zero, albeit tiny mass,and different flavours of neutrinos mix with each other(see [1] for the current best fit values of the parame-ters). Further, neutrinos are electrically neutral, allow-ing them to be their own anti-particles ie can be Ma-jorana in nature [2]. Neutrinoless double beta decay(0 ν β ), ( A, Z ) → ( A, Z + 2) + 2 e − , provides an un-ambiguous way of establishing the Majorana nature ofthe neutrinos, and also the lepton number violation [3].Theoretically as well, 0 ν β decay is heralded as a use-ful probe of physics beyond SM, having particular rele-vance for neutrino masses and mass hierarchy. For an in-complete list discussing 0 ν β decay phenomenology andrelated signatuures see e.g. [4]. The search for neu-trinoless double beta decay thus constitutes an impor-tant endevour. Experimentally, studies have been car-ried out or planned on several nuclei ([5]- [27]). Onlyone of the experiments [5] (HM) has claimed observationof 0 ν β signal in G e . The half-life at 68% confidencelevel is: T ν / ( G e ) = 2 . +0 . − . × y r . A combina-tion of the first results from Kamland-Zen and EXO-200,both using X e , yielded a lower limit on the half-life T ν / ( X e ) > . × y r which is at variance with theHM claim, and so is the GERDA result.Neutrinoless double beta decay process can proceed viathe light neutrinos, ν i ’s, (the so called long range part)or due to heavy degrees of freedom (the short range part)for example through exchange of heavy neutrinos, N i ’s,or other heavy particles in specific models like R-parityviolating supersymmetric theories or theories with lepto-quarks (see [28] and references therein for a quick reviewof some of the essential theoretical and experimental is-sues). The short range part due to the heavy physicsis due to intermediate particles with masses much largerthan the relevant scale of the process ∼ O (GeV), allow-ing for the heavier degrees of freedom to be systemati-cally integrated out, leaving behind a series of operatorsbuilt out of low energy fields, the up and down quarks ∗ Electronic address: [email protected] and electrons, weighted by the short distance coefficients,called Wilson coefficients (denoted by C A below). Thisprovides a very convenient and systematic framework toevaluate the decay amplitude in terms of short distancecoefficients which encode all the information about thehigh energy physics. In this process of integrating outthe heavy degrees of freedom, the operators and thusthe effective Lagrangian obtained is at the typical scaleof the heavy particles. Using then the renormalizationgroup equations (RGEs), perturbative QCD effects canbe computed. These QCD corrections have been shownto be very significant [29], in particular due to the colourmismatched operators (see also [30]). In this way, thehigh energy particle physics input gets separated fromthe low energy dynamics contained in the nuclear ma-trix elements (NMEs) of the quark level operators sand-wiched between the nucleon states (see [31] to get anidea of different approaches to calculate these NMEs).These NMEs are usually the source of large uncertaintyto 0 ν β predictions, and in principle one could comparepredictions for various nuclei undergoing 0 ν β transitionto understand and eventually reduce the sensitivity onNMEs.To be concrete, we begin by considering the short rangequark-electron operators (denoted by L q e below in thetext) and as an example, consider a heavy right handedneutrino, mass M N , and SM gauge group. The resultingquark level 0 ν β amplitude takes the form A ∼ ( V ud T ei ) M W M N (cid:124) (cid:123)(cid:122) (cid:125) G ¯ uγ µ (1 − γ ) d ¯ uγ µ (1 − γ ) d (cid:124) (cid:123)(cid:122) (cid:125) J q,µ J µq ¯ e (1 + γ ) e c (cid:124) (cid:123)(cid:122) (cid:125) j e where V ud and T ei are the quark and leptonic mixingmatrix elements while G = G F /M N contains the shortdistance physics, with G F being the Fermi constant. Thephysical 0 ν β amplitude is obtained by sandwiching thequark level operators between the initial and final nuclearstates, | i (cid:105) and | f (cid:105) , finally evaluated in terms of the NMEs: A ν β = (cid:104) f | i H e ff | i (cid:105) ∼ G (cid:104) f |J q,µ J µq | i (cid:105) (cid:124) (cid:123)(cid:122) (cid:125) NME j e The short distance or high energy physics cleanly sep-arates from the low energy matrix elements. The low a r X i v : . [ h e p - ph ] F e b energy effective Lagrangian is expressed as a sum ofoperators, O A weighted by the Wilson coefficents C A : L e ff = G A C A O A , where we have allowed for more thanone G for more complicated theories. In the exam-ple considered above, there is only one operator O = J q,µ J µq j e = ¯ u i γ µ (1 − γ ) d i ¯ u j γ µ (1 − γ ) d j ¯ e (1+ γ ) e c ( i, j denoting the colour indices) and the corresponding Wil-son coefficient C = 1. In other models like SUSY withR-parity violation or leptoquarks, Fierz transformationshave to be employed to bring the operators in form sim-ilar to above. The Lorentz and Dirac structure of thequark level operator involved decides which NME entersthe 0 ν β rate. Perturbative QCD corrections don’t justcorrect the Wilson coefficients but also lead to colour mis-matched operators (typically with strength that is 1 /N c ( N c = 3 being the number of colours) of the colour al-lowed operators) which are then Fierz transformed andcan give different operators and thereby bringing a hostof different NMEs which would not have been expectedotherwise.In the usual treatment of the short range part (see[28]), one considers following simplifications: (i) assumethat the final electrons are emitted in the S-wave ie thelong wavelength approximation is employed; (ii) closureapproximation ie the energy of the virtual neutrino ismuch larger than the nulcear excitation energy, therebyallowing to sum over the intermediate set of states withgreat ease; (iii) (non-relativistic) impulse approximationwhich allows to write the matrix elements of product ofthe quark currents between the nuclear states in terms ofsay the Fermi and Gammow-Teller matrix elements. Forthe case of quark currents being V-A form, the aboveprocedure implies that J q,µ ( (cid:126)x ) J µq ( (cid:126)x ) = (cid:88) n,m τ n + τ m + δ ( (cid:126)x − (cid:126)r n ) δ ( (cid:126)x − (cid:126)r m )( g V ( q ) − g A ( q ) (cid:126)σ n · (cid:126)σ m ) (1)which lead to the Fermi (vector part of the current) andGammow-Teller (axial-vector part of the current) nuclearmatrix elements, M F and M GT respectively M F = (cid:104) Ψ f | (cid:88) n,m H ( r n , r m , ¯ E ) τ n + τ m + | Ψ i (cid:105) (2) M GT = (cid:104) Ψ f | (cid:88) n,m H ( r n , r m , ¯ E ) τ n + τ m + (cid:126)σ n · (cid:126)σ m | Ψ i (cid:105) (3)In the above expressions, σ and τ are Pauli matrices and τ + = ( τ + iτ ) /
2; indices n, m run over all the nucleons inthe nucleus and H ( r n , r m , ¯ E ) denotes the heavy neutrinopotential. Further, g V (0) = 1 and g A (0) (cid:39) .
27. Ψ i,f arethe initial and final state nuclear wave-functions. It isworth mentioning that in writing these matrix elementsstarting from the quark level currents, the dipole andanapole terms are not shown as they are much smallerthan those displayed above. For the present purpose, we shall choose to neglect them but they can be systemati-cally included. See [31] for details and updated numericalvalues of the NMEs calculated within different schemes.The differences in the numerical values of NMEs are atthe heart of large uncertainties in the predictions.Considering only vector and axial quark currents, thefollowing set of short distance operators are to be con-sidered (showing only the colour matched operators; i, j in the operators below denote the colour indices) O LL = ¯ u i γ µ (1 − γ ) d i ¯ u j γ µ (1 − γ ) d j ¯ e (1 + γ ) e c O RR = ¯ u i γ µ (1 + γ ) d i ¯ u j γ µ (1 + γ ) d j ¯ e (1 + γ ) e c O LR = ¯ u i γ µ (1 − γ ) d i ¯ u j γ µ (1 + γ ) d j ¯ e (1 + γ ) e c O RL = ¯ u i γ µ (1 + γ ) d i ¯ u j γ µ (1 − γ ) d j ¯ e (1 + γ ) e c (4)with their associated Wilson coefficients, C LL,RR,LR,RL .These are the set of operators say in left-right theories,with
LR, RL stemming from the heavy-light W mixing.From an effective field theory (EFT) point of view, therewill be scalar-pseudoscalar and tensor operators (andtheir combinations) as well. For definiteness, we focuson the operators in Eq.(4). It turns out that the ShortRange (SR) NMEs depend on whether the quark chiral-ities are same or different: M LLSR = M RRSR = g V M F − g A M GT M LR + RLSR = g V M F + g A M GT (5)It is to be noted that M GT ∼ − (3-4) M F for all the nu-clei and different determinations of NMEs considered (seefor example [31]). Below, for simplicity and convenience,we shall assume that the two terms on the right hand sideof the above equations differ by a factor ∼
5, after takinginto account g V and g A . Since the discussion will notbe specific to a particular nucleus, we shall assume thisfor all the nuclei. Therefore, one has the approximateresults: M LLSR = M RRSR ∼ M F and M LR + RLSR ∼ − M F ,thereby yielding the following approximate forms for thecorresponding contributions to the amplitude: A LL/RRSR ∼ C LL/RR M F A LR/RLSR ∼ − C LR/RL M F (6)A given theory of lepton number violation implies aset of quark-lepton level operators comprising the effec-tive Lagrangian. Using the RGEs and including effects ofoperator mixing, the final amplitude for the 0 ν β can bewritten in terms of short distance coefficients and variousNMEs. The rate thus computed can be then contrastedwith the experimental limits on the half life of the neutri-noless double beta decay process for the specific nucleusand stringent limits are obtained on the parameters ofthe theory. Alternatively, an EFT point of view could beadopted and all the relevant operators are then written atthe hadronic scale, using which the amplitude and thusthe decay rate is computed, which then leads to con-straints on different effective coefficients. One of thesetwo is followed in the phenomenological studies.The above is not the entire story. Till now, the0 ν β amplitude is calculated by directly evaluating thenuclear matrix elements from the quark currents. How-ever, it was shown in [32] that there are additional con-tributions wherein these quark currents first hadroniseinto pions, and then one can evaluate the two pion ex-change contributions which were shown to be the dom-inant ones. These authors used the on-shell matchingconditions to match the matrix elements of quark-leptoncurrents between the pion states on to the hadron level ef-fective terms. Ref.[33] provided a systematic EFT set-upto match the quark-electron operators to a chiral effec-tive theory with two pion and electron ( ππee ) vertices aswell as two nucleon, one pion and electron ( N N πee ) ver-tices and four nucleon and electron (
N N N N ee ) vertices,where π , N and e denote pion, nucleon and electron re-spectively. It also discussed inclusion of next to leadingand next to next to leading order contributions. It wasconfirmed that the two pion exchange contributions in-deed dominate though their calculation employed NaiveDimensional Analysis (NDA) for the power counting incontrast to the Vacuum Insertion Approximation (VIA)as employed in the on-shell matching in [32]. That VIAmay miss some fraction of the total contribution is notan unexpected satatement since in VIA, only the contri-bution due to vacuum is retained while that due to otherstates is neglected. However, VIA provides a simple andquick approximation to estimate these new effects. Theone and two pion contributions are non-local as they in-volve pion propagators. Recall that m π + ∼
140 M eV and the typical momentum, (cid:126)q , flowing through the prop-agators is O (200 M eV ). This approach has been furtherdeveloped and refined in [34]. That the two pion contri-bution can play a rather important role in phenomenolog-ical studies has been re-emphasized in [35] in the contextof left-right symmetric theories. It is worth pointing outthat almost all phenomenological studies on 0 ν β do notinclude these contributions and as recently pointed outin [35], the inferences and limits drawn could be signifi-cantly altered once these are included.Given that there are important contributions to0 ν β amplitude beyond those obtained by directly tak-ing the matrix elements of the short distance quark cur-rents between the nuclear states emanating from one andtwo pion exchange diagrams, one is led to ask if thereare additional contributions beyond the pionic ones. Inparticular, does ρ -meson exchange, analogous to pion ex-change, yield significant contributions? We now focus ourattention on new contributions coming from hadroniza-tion of quark currents into ρ mesons. Relevant diagramsare shown in Fig.(1). Compared to the pion exchange,there are two differences: (i) m ρ (= 770 M eV ) >> | (cid:126)q | ( ∼
200 M eV ), (ii) m π << m N ( ∼
940 M eV ) ∼ . m ρ .Statement (i) means that it is a good approximationto neglect | q | in comparison with m ρ , both in the nu-merator and denominator of the ρ -meson propagator: − i ( g µν − q µ q ν /m ρ ) / ( q − m ρ ) → ig µν /m ρ ie at this levelof approximation, the ρ contribution is being treated as a local one. It is to be noted that this additional local con-tribution should be distinguished from with theconven-tional short range one, since having the explicit ρ -mesonspecific mass and couplings will play an important role,as we see below. FIG. 1: Hadronic level diagrams (drawn using JaxoDraw[39]) with the intermediate dotted lines denoting a ρ meson.(a) NNNNee ; (b) Two ρ exchange; (c) NNρee at one ver-tex and other vertex being ρNN (possibly including parityviolating terms) and the permuted diagram with the verticesexchanged.
The parity conserving strong ρN N vertices are de-scribed by the phenomenological Lagrangian (see for ex-ample [36]) L ρNN = g ρ ¯ N (cid:18) γ µ + i χ ρ m N σ µν q ν (cid:19) (cid:126)τ · (cid:126)ρ µ N (7)where again the nucleon anomalous magnetic momentterm, with strength χ ρ (also denoted as µ N in literature),is neglected as q << m N . There exist various determina-tions of g ρ and χ ρ but the combination g ρ (1 + χ ρ ) takesroughly the same value ≈
21. In what follows, we choose g ρ ∼ . L ρρee = G F m ρ m N ( m ρ a ρ (cid:126)ρ α · (cid:126)ρ α ) ¯ e (1 + γ ) e c (8)Using this vertex, along with the parity conserving ρN N vertex and approximating the ρ propagators as above,the amplitude for diagram in Fig. 1(b) takes the form A ρ = G F m ρ m N g ρ a ρ [ ¯ u p γ µ u n ][ ¯ u p γ µ u n ] ¯ e (1 + γ ) e c (9)To obtain a ρ , on-shell matching condition is employed: (cid:104) ρ, e |L qe | ρ (cid:105) = (cid:104) ρ, e |L ρρee | ρ (cid:105) (10)where to facilitate a quick comparison, the quark-electronLagrangian is rewritten as L qe = G F m N (cid:88) A C A O A ¯ e (1 + γ ) e c (11)with A = LL, RR, LR + RL . To complete the on-shellmatching, the last step needed is to make use of vacuum,dominance or VIA. This is achieved through the use offollowing defining relations (see [38]): (cid:104) | ¯ uγ µ | ρ ( P ) (cid:105) = f ρ m ρ (cid:15) µ (cid:104) | ¯ uσ µν | ρ ( P ) (cid:105) = if Tρ ( (cid:15) µ P ν − (cid:15) ν P µ ) (12)with f ρ = 198 ± f Tρ = 160 ±
10 MeV. On-shellmatching, assuming VIA, yields a ρ = − f ρ m ρ (cid:88) A C A ∼ − . (cid:88) A C A (13)Next, consider the one ρ exchange diagram (c) inFig.(1) and its permuted one. The N N ρee interactionterm is written as L NNρee = G F m ρ m N a ρ ¯ N ( γ µ (cid:126)τ · (cid:126)ρ µ ) N ¯ e (1 + γ ) e c (14)resulting in one ρ exchange contribution to the0 ν β amplitude given by A ρ = − G F m N g ρ a ρ [ ¯ u p γ µ u n ][ ¯ u p γ µ u n ] ¯ e (1 + γ ) e c (15)Following the same steps as above for on-shell match-ing and factorizing the quark level product of currentsusing VIA as: (cid:104) p |J q,µ J µq | ρn (cid:105) = (cid:104) p |J q,µ | n (cid:105)(cid:104) |J µq | ρ (cid:105) , oneobtains after taking into account the combinatoric factors a ρ = 4 f ρ g ρ mρ g V (cid:88) A C A ∼ . (cid:88) A C A (16)where g V (0) = 1 has been used.The inclusion of the ρ exchange diagrams thus pro-duces an extra contribution A V IAρ to 0 ν β A V IAρ = A ρ + A ρ (17) ∼ − G F m N (7 (cid:88) A C A )[ ¯ u p γ µ u n ][ ¯ u p γ µ u n ] ¯ e (1 + γ ) e c One immediately notices from the Dirac structure of theamplitudes in Eq.(9) and Eq.(15) that ρ exchange onlyresults in Fermi transition matrix element. The net effectdue to A ρ and A ρ is to modify the LL , RR and LR/RL short range amplitudes, Eq.(6): A LL/RRSR → C LL/RR M F − C LL/RR M F ∼ A LR/RLSR → − C LR/RL M F − C LR/RL M F = − C LR/RL M F (18) This constitutes the main result of this study, namelyan almost complete cancellation brought about due to ρ exchange contributions for the LL and RR short rangeamplitudes, A LLSR and A RRSR , and the mixed left-right am-plitude, A LR + LRSR getting almost tripled. These resultsclearly show that ρ exchange diagrams do impact quitesignificantly and have the potential to completely changethe phenomenological predictions, and thus call for thephenomenological analyses to be redone.In this article, we have studied the ρ exchange contri-butions to 0 ν β when the quarks in the short distanceproduct of currents hadronize into ρ mesons, which aremassive compared to the momentum flowing throughthe internal lines. This allows the ρ propagators to beshrunk to a point and employing VIA, the one and two ρ meson contributions to neutrinoless double beta de-cay amplitudes have been estimated. It is found thatfor the vector and axial-vector currents, as consideredhere, the ρ exchange results in a contribution whichbrings an almost complete cancellation when combinedwith the conventional short range left-left and right-right0 ν β amplitudes, while the mixed chirality left-right am-plitude gets enhnaced by a factor ∼
3. This marks thefirst step in highlighting the importance of including ρ exchange diagrams. A similar analysis can be carried forshort distance operators with Dirac structure other thanthe vector/axial-vector considered in this paper. The two ρ exchange contribution due to tensor currents is quicklyseen to lead to very similar results. Acknowledging theshort comings of VIA, a better approach would be tomap the quark-electron operators onto a set of operatorsin the chiral Lagrangian where the ρ is properly incorpo-rated as a dynamical degree of freedom, interacting withthe nucleons. This, like the pion-nucleon chiral EFT [33],will enable proper power counting once ρ meson is also in-cluded, such that possible hadronization both into pionsand ρ is incorporated in a systematic fashion. Such a chi-ral EFT can then be used for phenomenological analysissince these hadron level contributions (local here for the ρ while non-local for pion exchange) have significant im-pact. 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