Now that we are together: Biography of the Chilean Collective of Women Mathematicians
aa r X i v : . [ m a t h . HO ] J u l This is submitted to an upcoming book aimed at a general audience. Below is the current draft.
NOW THAT WE ARE TOGETHER*. BIOGRAPHY OF THE CHILEANCOLLECTIVE OF WOMEN MATHEMATICIANS.
MAR´IA ISABEL CORTEZ AND ANDREA VERA-GAJARDO
Abstract.
In this article we propose to give an account of the history of the Chilean collec-tive of women mathematicians. We will begin by describing the context of the mathematicalcommunity in Chile and the process of forming the Collective, together with the first objec-tives we set ourselves. Then we will continue with an analysis of some reasons that supportthe need to create a group formed by mathematical women and also the fact of choosinghorizontality and autonomy as structural pillars of our organization. On the other hand, wewill refer to the main activities that we have carried out and we will provide an overview ofthe mathematical women’s organizations that exist in Latin America. Finally, we will con-clude by talking about the research project to which some of the members of the collectiveare dedicated nowadays (in particular the authors of this article).
The context of the mathematical community in Chile
According to the International Mathematical Union, the modern development of mathematics in Chile beganin 1930 with the arrival of Carlos Grandjot [9], a German mathematician who played a key role training thefirst Chilean mathematicians [12]. On the other hand, the first local articles published in international journalswere written in the 1940s by Roberto Frucht, another German mathematician based in Chile, who worked atthe Universidad T´ecnica Federico Santa Mar´ıa (UTFSM) until the end of his professional career [16]. It isworth noting that in 1949 Frucht published
Graphs of degree three with a given abstract group in the CanadianJournal of Mathematics, the same year in which womens right to vote in presidential elections was approvedin Chile.By 1970, Chilean mathematicians had already graduated from PhD programs abroad. The first was JaimeMichelow, who obtained his PhD from the University of Washington in 1962. Nevertheless, as the studycommissioned by the National Commission of Science and Technology (CONICYT) points out [13], by 1970there was still no ”systematic and planned mathematical research, nor high-level researchers to initiate it” [13,pp. 2], and there was also ”a lack of human resources in terms of quantity, capacity and adequate knowledge,for university teaching and postgraduate studies” [13, pp. 2]. This reality stood in stark contrast to otherLatin American countries, such as Brazil and Argentina. The case of Brazil is emblematic, since by the 1950sit had already trained mathematicians who would later gain international recognition through their guestlectures at the International Congress of Mathematicians [9]. On the other hand, Argentina had establishedthe Argentine Mathematical Union (UMA) in 1936, which was created with the aim of ”promoting the evidentprogress of mathematical research in Argentina” [25].In Chile, institutional development for the training of mathematicians began in 1962 with the creation of thefirst degree in Mathematics at the Universidad de Concepci´on [13]. This was followed in 1965 by degrees inMathematics at both the Universidad Cat´olica and Universidad de Chile, as well as a degree in MathematicalEngineering from the Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (FCFM) at the latter institution [13]. In1967, the Universidad T´ecnica del Estado (UTE), now the Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), createdthe country’s first postgraduate program in mathematics. This corresponded to the Academic MathematicsDegree (LAM) program, which awarded a Master’s degree in Mathematics. The first PhD in Mathematicsoffered in Chile was awarded in 1975 by the Universidad Cat´olica (UC) to Pablo Salzberg ∗ . The second one Key words and phrases.
Chilean women in math organization, Latin American women in science organiza-tion, Chilean math community.Both authors were supported by proyecto ANID PIA Anillo SOC180025.* ”Now that were together, now that were seen” (
Ahora que estamos juntas, ahora que s´ı nos ven ) is aslogan that has been widely used both in the Ni una menos (Not a single woman less) movement in Argentina,and in the movement born during the so-called Feminist May of 2018 in Chile. ∗ Private communication with Irene Mikenberg as awarded in 1978 by the same program to Irene Mikenberg, who became the first woman to obtain her PhDin mathematics in Chile. By the end of the 1970s, Chile had 47 PhDs in mathematics working in the country,of which five were women: Carmen Cort´azar (UC), Irene Mikenberg (UC), Lidia Consiglieri (U. Cat´olica deValpara´ıso), Mar´ıa Ang´elica Astaburuaga (UTE) and Nancy Lacourly (FCFM U. de Chile) [7]. It is importantto highlight the figure of In´es Harding, since she played a very relevant role in the mathematical communityof the time. Harding read further postgraduates courses leading to a PhD degree at the University of Moscowin the 1960s [7], working as a professor [20] at the UTE until 1981 † . She became one of the pillars of theLAM program [3], while also co-authoring groundbreaking textbooks from those years, such as ”Elementos deComputaci´on” (Computing Elements) in 1973 [17].One of the many consequences of the 1973 coup d’´etat was the loss of many students and academics who wereforced to leave the country [24], thus delaying the consolidation of the local mathematical community. Thissituation slowly began to turn around in the early 1980s as several mathematicians who had obtained theirPhDs abroad started returning to Chile. Founded in 1975, the Chilean Mathematical Society (SOMACHI)was instrumental in drawing these mathematicians to the country as well as promoting mathematical activityat the time [24].A milestone that shaped the way science is done in Chile was the creation of the National Fund for Scien-tific and Technological Development (FONDECYT) in 1981, which finances basic scientific research in Chilethrough ”open competition for public grants” [10]. Even today, being awarded a FONDECYT project is con-sidered decisive milestone in a researcher’s career. In most cases, opportunities for national and internationalcollaboration, the possibility to train students, and even the academic workload allocated to each persondepend on a project being awarded one of these grants.Between 1982 and 1990, FONDECYT funded 144 math projects ‡ , of which 13 were awarded to women.These women included Carmen Cort´azar, Marta Garc´ıa-Huidobro and Rub´ı Rodr´ıguez, recognized scholarswho remain scientifically active to this day, and Cecilia Yarur, who has recently retired after leading a successfulcareer as a researcher and teacher.After the return to democracy in 1990, the development of Chilean mathematics started to gain momentum.Not only did the number of researchers and publications grow, but also international cooperation schemes [24].The number of FONDECYT projects in mathematics awarded in the 1990s grew by more than 80% comparedto the previous decade, although the ratio of women among the researchers behind these projects remainedlargely unchanged.There are currently more than 350 mathematics researchers working in Chile [24]. According to data collectedfrom 11 mathematics departments in the country, approximately 20% of the scholars who hold a PhD inmathematics or related fields are women [8]. Nevertheless, a review of the statistics of FONDECYT mathe-matics projects shows that grants awarded to women between 2011 and 2020 § did not surpass 15%an evenlower rate than the 2001-2010 period, at 17%. This suggests that women in our community are even moreunderrepresented in leading positions ¶ , and this situation does not seem to have improved over time. Tofurther emphasize this situation, it is worth mentioning that in the regular FONDECYT call for 2020 therewere no awards for women in mathematics-related projects, something that remained unseen since 1990.There seems to be a consensus within our community on the need to increase female participation in thediscipline. What is less clear, however, is how to do this; and even more so, whether that is indeed theproblem or rather a symptom of something that goes much deeper. Cl´emence Perronnet clarifies this problemby stating that institutions expect to receive ”individualizing and psychologizing” explanations for inequalitiesin science, which leads to hiding and concealing ”the collective and structural dimension” of these inequalities[22].A common thread among those of us who make up the Women’s Collective of Mathematicians, besides beingmathematicians, is our belief that female underrepresentation in mathematics is not just a matter of numbers. How the Collective Began
After one of the roundtables at the International Congress of Women in Mathematics 2014 in Seoul, severalcolleagues from Chile who attended met to discuss the issues presented at the conference. The generalconsensus that day was that our experience had been very different from that of the speakers, in the sensethat our parents had not prevented us from studying mathematics, nor had we endured explicit complaints † Private communication with Rafael Labarca. ‡ FONDECYT provided us with data for all the FONDECYT mathematics projects between 1983 and 2019. § The numbers about FONDECYT projects since 2001 include Regular and Initiation calls. ¶ Being awarded a FONDECYT grant is considered a sort of symbolic credential of prestige for the benefi-ciary researcher.rom our husbands or partners about the profession being unladylike. Yet we were familiar with the experienceof being the ”only woman” in our workplace, and we perceived that treading through a heavily male-dominatedspace had consequences that were not easy to identify and describe, given how subtle they generally were.Trying to understand this phenomenon triggered the need to meet around a discussion group, which wouldlater become the Chilean Collective of Women Mathematicians.Our discussion group was structured around weekly meetings, in the Council Room of the MathematicsDepartment in the Science Faculty at Universidad de Chile. Javiera Barrera, M. Isabel Cortez, Leslie Jimenez,Monica Musso, Adriana Piazza, Anita Rojas, Mariel Saez and Andrea Vera participated in these first meetings.This space was used to share our experiences, as well as the literature that we came across. We think it wasvery liberating for all of us to realize that we shared the same experiences as many other women, some ofwhich had even been documented. Shortly after we created our discussion group, we received an invitationfrom USACH students to speak about women in mathematics at an activity organized for the anniversary ofthe Mathematical Engineering degree. This was a great opportunity to present the issues we discussed everyweek to a wider audience. Instead of preparing a simple slideshow with biographies of female mathematicians,we decided that it would be much more interesting to shed a light on the situation of women and mathematicsin Chile in quantitative terms, with the aim of starting a conversation. The activity was titled ”DiscussionGroup: Women and Mathematics” (Conversatorio: mujeres y matem´aticas), and was held on November4, 2014, in a nearly full auditorium with capacity for 100 people. The audience included mathematicalengineering students (mostly male), some mathematical colleagues, and several social science researchersspecializing in gender issues. After our brief presentation, the discussion with the audience lasted almost twohours. Students’ interventions related to their experience and difficulties of studying in a place where there aremostly men. Some colleagues were uncomfortable with questions about the Math Olympics that arose duringthe conversation, while colleagues from the social sciences summarized and organized the discussion withincertain theoretical frameworks. What took place on that day made us realize that there was a great need toaddress certain issues. We agreed that meeting once a week to discuss these matters was not enough. That iswhen we decided to come together under the umbrella of the Chilean Collective of Women Mathematicians,as a way of making gender issues in mathematics and our future efforts visible. Having the experience ofother women’s mathematical associations in different countries as a referencefor example, AWMwas crucial tocreating the Collective.
Organizational Characteristics of the Collective
Unlike other organizations, the objectives of our Collective were not entirely clear upon its establishment. Infact, the main reason why we decided to band together was the need to be together. We needed to shareour experiences with other women mathematicians and confirm that, despite the differences in our lives andacademic careers, the sole condition of being women mathematicians in Chile was a shared experience thatunited all of us. Every one of us had many questions. In time, we realized the need to share them with otherwomen mathematicians, so we could begin to understand them and seek answers. The decision to form anall-women’s collective can be explained through Julieta Kirkwood’s words: ”Only women have the problem ofasking themselves what their condition means. Womanhood is otherness (...)” [14].We were very clear from the start about the way in which we made our decisions and the structure that wewanted for our organization. We all agreed that our organization was to be horizontal; in other words, that itsorganizational structure should be flat, without hierarchies, resulting in democratic decision making. As statedby Perez-Arrau, Espejo, Mandiola, R´ıos and Toro [21], ”groups lacking allocated hierarchical leadership maydevelop different forms of collective leadership”. Much like these authors, our notion of collective leadershipis a relationship that is built among us, one that is nourished by taking advantage of our different paths andexperiences, and that gives way to collective decision making ([21]). On the other hand, since our respectiveworkloads are different and dynamic, our time availability for the Collective also varies. Therefore, we couldalso talk about a kind of ”occasional leadership”, in which depending on the time available and what eachindividual seeks, members may from time to time take a leading role to organize specific activities. Still, thereare certainly many initiatives that have been possible thanks to the commitment and dedication of everyoneinvolved. We will talk about this in detail in the next section.Although our work takes place within academic institutions, we decided from the onset to be totally indepen-dent, both organizationally and financially. That is to say, we do not to depend on any institutions, includingthe Mathematical Society of Chile. The purpose of this decision was to remain free to discuss whatever webelieve to be important, all the while protecting our capacity for independent thought. However, from timeto time, especially when organizing large events, we resort to some financing and contingent sponsorship. Forexample, to organize the II Meeting of Women in Mathematics in Latin America, held in 2018 in Valdivia,hile, we received funding from various institutions such as: CWM, Conicyt Chile, our home universities, andsome local research projects in mathematics.Today we can say that these decisions we made for our organizationhorizontality and independenceturned outto make our Collective unique compared to similar organizations across Latin America. The establishmentof the Collective, however, has been questioned by some colleagues in the local mathematical community.During our first year, we sensed that few colleagues understood the need and relevance of an organizationdevoted to issues about gender and mathematics. We even saw considerable resistance from some colleaguesto our organization. Moreover, our decision to be horizontal and independent also brought about challengesand greater efforts to achieve credibility within the local community. This is definitely something we have incommon with AWM and its history, sharing the same feelings expressed in [11] when referring to the decisionmade by AWM to be autonomous from AMS and MAA: ”the advantages of forming an independent associationoutweighed the challenges of doing so”.Another principle that we share with AWM is the desire to foster a cultural change within the mathematicscommunity, so that young people who are new to the field will experience a less hostile environment thanthose who came before them. We also seek to highlight and put a spotlight on the life and work of womenthroughout the region who have devoted themselves to mathematics. In fact, one of our permanent activitiesis a photo exhibition of women mathematicians from Latin America and Europe, which we will explore in thefollowing section.
Joy and challenges: some activities organized by the Collective.
The Maths and Gender Discussion Group (Conversatorio Matem´aticas y G´enero) held on November 27, 2015in Puc´un, has been one of the most complex activities we have organized so far, mainly because of the amountof exposure it meant for us. This discussion was held as part of SOMACHI’s annual meeting and it wasprobably the first time that gender issues in mathematics were addressed at such a massive local scientificevent. Participants included Javiera Barrera, M. Isabel Cortez, Adriana Piazza, Anita Rojas and Mariel S´aez,in addition to social science researcher, Marcela Mandiola, who we invited as a guest speaker after havingmet her at the first discussion group in USACH. Organizing this event was far from easy. In fact, a disputeabout which names to include on the list of sponsors in the promotional poster even led to a rift within theCollective. Yet the activity carried on in spite of it all, generating enormous expectation among the localmathematical community. On the day of the event, during lunchtime, we realized that the participants ofthe congress (mostly men) felt a kind of ”moral duty” to attend our discussion, and that not doing so wassomehow considered socially reprehensible. And indeed, when the event took place, everyone at SOMACHIwas there, including foreigners who could hardly speak any Spanish, which was the language in which thediscussion took place. The activity consisted of two lectures: the first one, presented by M. Isabel Cortez,talked about the situation of women mathematicians in Chile and its figures. The second lecture was givenby Marcela Mandiola, dealing with her research paper on gender in academia. Attendees found the latterto be very controversial, triggering a discussion that lasted for hours. Some colleagues felt under attack,others kept making jokes in mathematical language, and some others expected to hear concrete solutions.The conversation ended very late, so we all went to have dinner together. The discussion went on all throughthe evening and until the end of the congress. For us, the greatest achievement of this activity was to haveintroduced the topic to our colleagues.In 2017 Mariel S´aez suggested the possibility of bringing to Chile the travelling photographic exhibition”Women of mathematics throughout Europe: a gallery of portraits”, created by mathematician Sylvie Paychaand photographer Noel Matoff and presented for the first time in 2016 at the European Congress of Mathe-matics. As a Collective we approved of the idea but decided to modify the original exhibition to also includeportraits of women mathematicians from Latin America. Thus, the Mathematics Portraits Exhibition wasborn, whose first version took place between March 8 and 28, 2018, at the GAM Cultural Center in Santiago,Chile. This was a major project that involved many people and received funding from different sources. Thefirst stages were managed by CONICYT’s EXPLORA program. The interviews were conducted by PaulaArenas and the photographs were taken by Cristian Translavia, Nicol´as Sanhueza and Dario Cuellar. One ofour first challenges when organizing this activity, aside from getting the funding, was that some colleagues didnot understand the criteria we used to choose the Chilean women mathematicians depicted in the exhibition.In order to obtain certain sponsorships, for instance, we came across the fact that some members of our com-munity perceived that being photographed for the exhibition was a kind of recognition for scientific merit. Wechose to portray diversity in mathematics from multiple perspectives: regional (not only mathematics in thecapital), institutional (from different universities), age and also in terms of their main occupation, taking intoaccount that we were also interested in showcasing outstanding women who excel not only in their research,ut also in terms of teaching or outreach initiatives. This has been the largest activity we have organizedfor a more general target audience. The exhibition has continued to travel around Chile and Latin America(Uruguay), currently thanks to the funding provided by a research project involving M. Isabel Cortez, MarielS´aez and Andrea Vera. Thanks to this exhibition Mariel S´aez edited a book called ”Retratos de Matem´aticas”(Mathematical Portraits) [23], whose printed version will be published soon.Organizing and running the II Meeting of Latin American Women in Mathematics has been undoubtedly ourmost important event, and probably the one we are most proud of. It all started at the meeting dubbed”Women in Mathematics in Latin America: Barriers, Advancements and New Perspectives”, held in August2016 at the Casa Matem´atica de Oaxaca (BIRS), Mexico. M. Isabel Cortez attended this meeting andsuggested Chile as the venue for the next such encounter. The project was kicked off with an application tothe IMU’s Committee for Women in Mathematics (CWM) 2017 call for proposals, which we fortunately won.Even though the awarded amount was not enough for the event, it still meant a lot to us because it encouragedus to shape our expectations and venture forth to get more funding, form a scientific committee, start invitingthe first speakers, etc. All the members of the Collective at that time participated in this process, namely:Javiera Barrera, M. Isabel Cortez, Adriana Piazza, Mariel S´aez and Andrea Vera. In addition, the OrganizingCommittee was made up of these five members together with M. Isabel del R´ıo and Salom´e Mart´onez. Wedecided to hold the meeting in the last week of January 2018, which is summer in the Southern Hemisphereand right before the holiday season in Chile. The place: Valdivia, a beautiful city in the South of Chile, almostentering Patagonia. Almost as an anecdote, we find it relevant to comment on the fact that while preparingthis meeting, once again we encountered less-than-supportive reactions from colleagues who did not see theneed or the relevance of holding a meeting on Women in Mathematics. It would seem that questioning certainpractices within our community is seen as a threat by some.It was clear to us that in order to deal with the issue of women in the sciences it is necessary to draw onthe knowledge and expertise from other areas such as the social sciences and philosophy. Therefore, theevent was roughly divided as follows: 50% of the time was spent on lectures and posters on mathematics(presented by women), 25% on lectures in the social sciences and/or philosophy and the rest of the time wasspent at a leadership workshop and a roundtable entitled ”Mujeres en ambientes masculinizados (Women inmale-driven environments), which was open to the general public. Also, during the whole week and in parallelto the abovementioned activities, we set up an exhibition called Iluminaci´on Matem´atica (MathematicalIllumination), organized by M´onica Canales. The fact that we included the participation of social scientistsin this meeting was undoubtedly a great decision. These points of view gave new insights to our discussions,which led us to approach the issue of women in science/mathematics from a structural perspective, allowingus to get a taste of interdisciplinary collaboration and its advantages.
Women’s mathematical organizations in other Latin American countries.
Talking about the Chilean Collective of Women Mathematicians also involves our colleagues and allies in otherLatin American countries, since to some extent we consider them part of our organization.Between 2013 and 2018, several organizations of women mathematicians (and scientists in general) emergedthroughout Latin America. Many of these organizations, in addition to the Collective in Chile, constitutewhat we have named the ”Network of Women in Mathematics in Latin America and the Caribbean” (Redde Mujeres Matem´aticas en Am´erica Latina y El Caribe), which began to take shape during 2016 and wasconsolidated in 2018 at the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) Rio de Janeiro-Brazil.From a historical point of view, it should be noted that in 2018 the ”WM2: World Meeting for Women inMathematics” took place as a satellite event of the ICM in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This probably contributedto the creation of some of the organizations that we will mention in the following paragraphs. In this sameline, we also think it relevant to mention that in May 2018 the so-called ”Feminist May” broke out in Chile.It started out as university protest to complain about the lack of protocols to prevent and sanction cases ofsexual harassment and abuse in higher education institutions. The movement gained a lot of traction andfinally became a national and citizen-wide protest united under the slogan ”Non-Sexist Education”.Next, we provide a review of the women’s mathematical organizations in Latin America that we are currentlyaware of. We particularly refer to their organizational characteristics. To do this we based ourselves onthe report by [2] and updated the information according to conversations we had with colleagues in Peru,Argentina and Brazil k . In Argentina there is the Gender Commission of the Argentine Mathematical Union(UMA). This commission was born in 2018. At first it was made up only of women, but now it is a mixedgroup of 5 people, including a female coordinator. They also have a list of references who represent them in k Roxana L´opez Cruz (Peru), Gabriela Ovando (Argentina) and Christina Brech (Brazil)ifferent parts of the country. The committee sees itself as a coordinating entity rather than a resolving body.It works as a gender advisor to the UMA and proposes its own specific initiatives.In Colombia there is the Commission on Equity and Gender of the Colombian Mathematical Society [4],created in 2017. It is currently a mixed organization made up of six members, with a female chairperson. Oneif its objectives is to encourage participation in mathematics by women and minorities in Colombia.Mexicos organization is the oldest in Latin America. It is called the Commission on Equity and Gender ofthe Mexican Mathematical Society [5], founded in 2013. It is formed by a mixed group of three people, one ofwhom acts as Coordinator. Its purpose is to promote the inclusion of underrepresented groups, particularlywomen, in the country’s mathematical endeavors.The case of Brazil is slightly different. Because it such a large and diverse country, there are different organiza-tions and networks. Some of them include the Gender Commission [6] created in 2018 as a joint effort betweenthe Brazilian Society of Mathematics and the Brazilian Society of Applied and Computational Mathematics.On the other hand, some Brazilian women mathematicians created the platform ”Mathematics, a femininenoun” [18], which aims to promote actions being developed in different parts of the world, especially in Brazil,in order to increase women’s participation in mathematics. We should underscore that these are just some ofthe many networks that exist in Brazil.In Peru, the ”Group of Peruvian Women in Mathematical Sciences” [19] was formed in 2016. This is a mixedgroup, with no internal hierarchy and financially dependent on the Peruvian Society of Applied Mathematicsand Computer Science. The mainalthough not the onlyactivity performed by this group is to coordinate andorganize the Sofia Kovalevskaia Prize in Peru, awarded in many countries by the eponymous Foundation.
The present: paths taken by the Collectives members.
At present, the members of the Collective continue to carry out some activities together and others on theirown, focusing on topics related to mathematics and gender. For example, we continue to regularly displaythe exhibition ”Retratos de Matem´aticas” (
Mathematical Portraits ) in different cities and contexts, as wellas attending most of the activities in which we are invited to present. We are also in permanent touch withour partners in the ”Network of Women in Mathematics in Latin America and the Caribbean”.Javiera Barrera and Adriana Piazza generally participate in a few national activities to spread scientificknowledge, such as the ”Feria Ingeniosas”. Similarly, the Collective is part of the organizations involved inthe global coordination committee of the 12 de Mayo initiative [15], represented by Andrea Vera. JavieraBarrera is also part of the Equity and Gender Committee of the Faculty of Engineering and Sciences at herhome institution.On the other hand, since 2018, M. Isabel Cortez, Mariel S´aez and Andrea Vera have been part of an interdis-ciplinary research team in the ”Anillo Matem´aticas y G´enero” (Mathematics and Gender Anillo Grant) [1].The team is also integrated by Jeanne Hersant, Marcela Mandiola and Tania de Armas, who are all socialscience researchers. This is a three-year project funded by the Chilean National Agency for Research andDevelopment. The main objective of this research is to gain awareness, understand and analyze the scientificfield of women in mathematics in Chile from a gender perspective, told through the stories and career pathsof those who are part of it. To achieve this, we have separated it into three specific goals giving rise to fourstages of research. These goals are as follows:(1) To gain awareness of the scientific field of mathematics in Chile from a gender perspective, as well asits subsequent analysis.(2) To understand and analyze the subjectivities of female mathematics scholars from their interpreta-tions and self-interpretations regarding the academic field of mathematics, as well as in relation totheir career paths.(3) To identify the common career pattern of women researchers in mathematics, that is, the differentstages they must go through to reach the status of researcher; in addition, to analyze the barriers anddifficulties that women researchers in mathematics must overcome to become researchers, in relationto internal hierarchies and prestige ladders.In short, since the formation of the Collective, our careers have been strongly influenced by issues that touchupon gender and mathematics. Without a doubt, one of the lessons learned from belonging to a Collectiveof Women Mathematicians is the certainty that any change we want to promote requires coordination withothers, that is, collaboration. cknowledgement
We would like to thank Hern´an Henr´ıquez, Rafael Labarca and Irene Mikenberg for providing us valuableinformation regarding the history of mathematics in Chile. We would also like to thank FONDECYT forproviding us the complete database concerning FONDECYT grants in mathematics.
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Retratos de matem´aticas: Entrevistas a mujeres matem´aticasde Europa y Am´erica Latina
Mathematics in Chile, a half-century of steady development
Departamento de Matem´atica y Ciencia de la Computaci´on, Universidad de Santiago de Chile,Instituto de Matem´aticas, Universidad de Valpara´ıso.
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