A. Modena

Second harmonic generation and its interaction with relativistic plasma waves driven by forward Raman instability in underdense plasmas

High conversion efficiency (0.1%) into second harmonic light generated in the interaction of a short-pulse intense laser with underdense plasma has been observed. In this experiment the plasma is created by optical field ionization of hydrogen or helium gas. Second harmonic spectra observed in the forward direction show Stokes and anti-Stokes satellites. This is due to the interaction of the second harmonic light with large-amplitude relativistic plasmawaves. Second harmonic images taken at 30° from the propagation axis show that the radiation is generated over a length of a few times the Rayleigh length and that the origin of the second harmonic light is due to the radial electron density gradients created by the ionization process and the radial ponderomotive force.

Investigation of a channeling high-intensity laser beam in underdense plasmas

The interaction of an intense short pulse laser (>5/spl times/10/sup 18/ Wcm/sup -2/) with underdense plasma was extensively studied. The beam is found to be highly susceptible to the forward Raman scattering instability. At sufficiently high growth rates, this can lead to wavebreaking with the resultant production of a high flux of accelerated electrons (>10/sup 11/ for E>2 MeV). Some electrons are found to be accelerated well above the dephasing energy, up to 94 MeV. Self-scattered images intimate the presence of high-intensity channels that extend more than 3.5 mm or 12 Rayleigh lengths. These filaments do not follow the axis of laser propagation, but are seen to be emitted within an f4 cone centered around this axis. Spectra of the self-scattered light show that the main contribution of the scattering is not from light captured within these filaments. But there is evidence for self-phase modulation from effects such as ionization and relativistic self-focusing. However, no clear correlation is observed between channel length and the number or energies of accelerated electrons. Evidence for high intensities within the channels is given by small-angle Thomson scattering of the plasma wave generated therein, with this method, the intensity is found to be of the order of 10/sup 18/ Wcm/sup -2/ greater than 12 Rayleigh lengths from focus.

Optical ionization and heating of gases by intense picosecond KrF laser radiation

We report on multiphoton ionization experiments using picosecond (ps) and sub-ps UV-laser radiation at focused intensities up to 10 18 W/cm 2 . The experiments are concerned with determining the electron temperature of optically ionized gases produced by intense KrF lasers. Thomson scattering, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), and X-ray emission measurements have been made and compared with modeling calculations of heating. A particular objective is to identify the respective roles of above-threshold ionization, nonlinear inverse bremsstrahlung absorption, and SRS in determining the temperature of the electrons. Results for 350-fs pulses are compared with previous measurements for 12-ps pulses (for which strikingly different behavior is observed). The importance of using sub-ps, short-wavelength lasers to minimize electron temperature is confirmed.

The production of high-energy electrons from the interaction of an intense laser pulse with an underdense plasma

The interaction of an intense laser pulse (intensity, greater than 10^19 Wcm^-2) has been studied with underdense deuterium plasmas. The laser pulse is found to be self-modulated at the plasma frequency by the Raman forward-scatter instability. Wave breaking of the resulting plasma wave causes high-energy electrons to be accelerated beyond 100MeV.

Multi-terawatt frequency doubling of picosecond pulses for plasma interactions

Frequency doubling a large aperture sub ps, chirped pulse amplified (CPA) 1053 nm beam for laser matter interaction studies was investigated at the Central Laser Facility. Efficiencies > 50 percent were achieved using a 4 mm thick KDP crystal to convert a 140 X 89 mm 700 fs beam. Measurements of the 527 nm beams focal spot quality when the doubling crystal was driven at high intensities 200 GWcm-2 are presented. Using data from 2 and 4 m thick 25 mm diameter test crystals, the optimum crystal thickness in terms of conversion efficiency is reviewed for 1053 nm CPA systems in the 0.3-3 ps region and options for fourth harmonic production discussed.

The observation of self-channeling of a relativistically-intense laser pulse in an underdense plasma

Four spatial/spectral imaging diagnostics show relativistic self-channeling of a 25 TW, 1 ps laser pulse limited only by the length of the gas-jet target. Collective scattering of a probe beam provides a spectrally-resolved image of large-amplitude plasma waves indicating an intensity >10/sup 18/ W/cm/sup 2/ at 4 mm from the laser focus.