A. V. Zabelin

Development of the first phase of the specialized synchrotron radiation source Siberia-1

Abstract The report deals with the results of developing the 450-MeV electron storage ring SIBERIA-1, i.e. the first phase of the specialized synchrotron radiation source of the I.V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy. The storage ring was designed, manufactured and put into operation by the staff of the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1983. In 1984 a superconducting “snake” with a 4.3 T field was mounted in the storage ring. In 1984–1985, as part of the process of developing the storage ring a modification of the synchronization system of the linac FAKEL and of the injection system to the storage ring were performed. The beam diagnostics system was developed. The vacuum system of the storage ring and injection channel was up-dated. Regimes for the joint operation of the storage ring and the linac FAKEL were developed at various adjustments of the latter. A current of 180 mA was obtained at the injection energy of 55 MeV and one of 160 mA at 450 MeV. The beam lifetime has so far been limited by scattering on the residual gas in the storage ring chamber and amounts to 3.6 × 10 3 s at 100 mA current and to 1.4 × 10 4 s at 1 mA current. Presently, operations are being carried out at the experimental station of the luminescent VUV-spectroscopy of channel M and at the VUV-spectrometer for the investigation of wide-band dielectrics, including cryocrystals, at channel S.

Reflection spectra of lithium hydride crystals in 4–25 eV range at 5 K

Abstract Reflection spectra of LiH crystals have been studied in the range 4–25 eV, using synchrotron radiation from the storage ring Siberia-1 devised in the Institute of Atomic Energy, Moscow. Resolution of 1.5 meV was achieved with the help of a one-meter vacuum monochromator. The nature of the observed bands is discussed.

Determination of the electron beam size at the Kurchatov synchrotron radiation source using an X-ray refractive lens

The electron beam size in the storage ring of the Kurchatov synchrotron radiation source at 2.5 GeV is determined using an x-ray two-dimensional parabolic refractive lens. The vertical size of the electron beam of the storage ring is found to be 270 μm, which exceeds the corresponding design value 140 μm (at a betatron coupling of 1%). The difference is explained by the imperfect geodetic arrangement of ring elements and the incomplete adjustment of the ring.

Equipment for investigations of biological nanostructures by diffraction methods using synchrotron radiation

This paper reports on the experimental and methodical developments intended for the small-angle time-resolved station DICSI (“diffraction movie“) at the K1.3a beamline of the Siberia-2 storage ring at the Russian Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute.“ The principles of operation of the optical geometric and detecting systems, as well as the control and recording system, as applied to the investigation of the dynamics of biological nanostructures, have been considered in detail. A new version of the two-coordinate detecting system based on the designed highly effective fluorescent screen (Gd2O2S: Tb) and a CSDU-429 digital camera has been developed. The advantage of this recording system over the Image Plate detecting system in phenomenological investigations is that the optical images obtained on X-ray fluorescent screens with the use of cooled CCD/CMOS arrays can be directly entered into a computer. The detecting system has been tested on different samples by small- and wide-angle X-ray diffraction methods with the use of synchrotron radiation of the VEPP-3 storage ring at the Siberian Synchrotron Center (Novosibirsk, Russia) and the Siberia-2 storage ring at the Kurchatov Center for Synchrotron Radiation and Nanotechnology (Moscow, Russia). Different modifications of original two-coordinate recording systems have been used in systematic studies of the structural dynamics of biological tissues.

New version of the small-angle x-ray equipment for studying biological structures at the station DICSI in the Kurchatov center of synchrotron radiation and nanotechnologies

The results of modernization implemented at the DICSI x-ray small-angle station (the Kurchatov Center of Synchrotron Radiation and Nanotechnologies) are presented. Certain parameters of the hardware and software environment have been successfully tested using the operating channel of the VEPP-3 storage ring (the Siberian Center of Synchrotron Radiation), where the time-resolved diffractometry (“diffraction cinema”) technique was used to study the dynamic and static behavior of living biological structures in different modes of data accumulation. The circuit designs and the basic parameters of x-ray optical schemes are justified theoretically. The results of test experiments with biological samples are presented.

Nanostructure ordering of proteoglycans of some biological objects

This paper reports on the results of systematic X-ray diffraction investigations into the structure of proteoglycans of the mucus and the extracellular matrix of biological tissues. The small-angle X-ray diffraction patterns of different native and modified tissues of man and animals are measured using synchrotron radiation. A comparative study of the structure of mucins from the mammal and invertebrate mucus is performed. It is demonstrated that the X-ray diffraction patterns of the mammal and invertebrate mucus are very similar to each other and exhibit a number of sharp diffraction rings with a spacing of 4.5 nm and its higher orders due to the highly ordered structure of giant proteoglycan molecules. It is revealed that the proteoglycan structure undergoes a transformation upon interaction with calcium cations. The type of X-ray diffraction pattern (“with a 4.5-nm ring” and “without a ring”) for intact tissues can be reversibly changed by treating the tissues in solutions of salts or chelating agents. The inference is made that the X-ray diffraction patterns of tissues can be used as markers for the structural transformation of the extracellular matrix under different exogenous actions.

New time-resolved small-angle station with the use of synchrotron radiation of the Siberia-2 storage ring for investigation of biological structures

The DICSI small-angle station is developed at the 1.3a beamline of the Siberia-2 storage ring at the Kurchatov Center of Synchrotron Radiation (Russia). The station is intended for X-ray diffraction investigations of the structural dynamics of biological objects with a high time resolution in the small-angle range. The DICSI station is a new version of the station which is based on our previous experience in the development of different stations at the Siberian Synchrotron Center. The OD-3 coordinate detector is used to record the diffraction patterns. The synchrotron beam is monochromatized and collimated with the use of X-ray optical elements, including the system of primary collimators with a focusing monochromator, the polysectional system of focusing mirrors of total external reflection, forming and background slits, a beam attenuator, a primary-beam stop, and evacuated tubes for beam transmission. The station provides measurement of spacings from 1.0 to 100.0 nm in the wavelength range 0.10–0.25 nm with a spectral width Δλ/λ = 10−3–10−4.

The SIBERIA dedicated synchrotron radiation source: status report on the storage rings complex at the Kurchatov Institute for Atomic Energy

Abstract This paper reviews the status of the SIBERIA storage rings complex. The parameters of the linac, booster synchrotron and main ring are given. The transfer of the SIBERIA-1 storage ring to its new site is described. The main parameters of the engineering systems for the SIBERIA complex are presented. The assembly of the SIBERIA-2 storage ring is planned to be finished in 1991. The SIBERIA storage rings complex has been constructed at the Kurchatov Institute for Atomic Energy (IAE) and is the first dedicated synchrotron radiation source in the USSR. The facility includes the SIBERIA-1 450 MeV electron storage ring, the SIBERIA-2 2.5 GeV electron storage ring, two electron transport lines EOC-1 and EOC-2, and an 80–100 MeV electron linac which serves as the injector. The general layout of SIBERIA is shown in fig. 1. All accelerators of the SIBERIA facility are designed and manufactured at the Institute of Nuclear Physics (INP) at Novosibirsk.

X-ray stations based on cylindrical zoom lenses for nanostructural investigations using synchrotron radiation

The main results of the development of X-ray stations are presented. These stations are intended to solve problems concerning the structural biology of tissues at a high time resolution with the help of synchrotron radiation (SR) generated by the VEPP-3 storage ring (Siberian center of SR, Novosibirsk) and the Siberia-2 storage ring (National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute and the centre of nano-, bio-, information, and cognitive sciences, Moscow). The issues of selecting the optical scheme and basic parameters of X-ray optical systems are discussed. Photographs of the original designs of the constructed equipment are given. A modular approach to designing experimental facilities based on self-contained units and methods of focusing a monochromatic SR beam in the required spectral range have been developed. The technique of X-ray beam focusing by means of optical zoom lenses has been implemented. Experimental results that illustrate the possibilities of the SR-beamline hardware used for X-ray diffraction investigation of different biological objects with the help of different recording systems are presented.

DICSI station at KCSR and NT: Determination of optimal requirements to the formation of an SR beam using cylindrical x-ray optical zoom lenses

To modernize the DICSI station, new hardware and software have been created according to the conditions of the operating storage ring “Sibir’-2” beam channel. The recording system has been successfully tested on the operating channel of the storage ring VEPP-3 (Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk) using the time-resolved “diffraction cinema” technique in studying real biological objects in the static and dynamic modes of data accumulation. At the DICSI station, structural changes in medical and biological objects are permanently investigated. The specific structure dimensions of these objects are in the nanometric range.