A. Y. Bani Hashim

Delivering key signals to the machine: seeking the electric signal that muscles emanate

Due to the limitation of electric power generation in the human body, present human-machine interfaces have not been successful because of the nature of standard electronics circuit designs, which do not consider the specifications of signals that resulted from the skin. In general, the outcomes and applications of human-machine interfaces are limited to custom-designed subsystems, such as neuroprosthesis. We seek to model the bio dynamical of sub skin into equivalent mathematical definitions, descriptions, and theorems. Within the human skin, there are networks of nerves that permit the skin to function as a multi dimension transducer. We investigate the nature of structural skin. Apart from multiple networks of nerves, there are other segments within the skin such as minute muscles. We identify the segments that are active when there is an electromyography activity. When the nervous system is firing signals, the muscle is being stimulated. We evaluate the phenomena of biodynamic of the muscles that is concerned with the electromyography activity of the nervous system. In effect, we design a relationship between the human somatosensory and synthetic systems sensory as the union of a complete set of the new domain of the functional system. This classifies electromyogram waveforms linked to intent thought of an operator. The system will become the basis for delivering key signals to machine such that the machine is under operators intent, hence slavery.

Prosthetic foot design: the significance of the normalized ground reaction force

This study maps bones and joints, relate them to the vertical ground reaction forces on gait. Their localities are charted in the form of graph. This is then being exploited as arguments to reason the design of prosthetic foot. The mathematical model is developed and is based on the relationship among the anatomy of bones and joints, the vertical ground reaction forces on certain points as well as the sequence when these points experience the vertical ground reaction forces. Using the model, a custom design prosthetic foot is built using a male subject of size 5 scanned foot image. It is concluded that proper mappings and modeling of foot structure can be used as reference in design and development of prosthetic feet.

An Enhancement in Control Laws of Super Twisting Sliding Mode Servo Drive Controller Using Hyperbolic Tangent Function and Arc Tangent Smoothing Function

Super Twisting Sliding Mode (ST-SMC) controller belongs to a class of controller known as Sliding Mode Control (SMC). SMC is widely known as a robust controller and has been shown in literature to be an effective medium for excellent control performance especially regarding disturbance force rejection. However, the control performance of SMC is often affected by chattering phenomenon thus reducing the applicability of SMC as position controller of choice in machine tools application where chattering induced vibration cannot be tolerated. ST-SMC is constituted as a higher order SMC. This paper explores control performances of ST-SMC in term of chattering reduction by introducing two types of switching functions in the control laws of the controller; namely, a hyperbolic tangent function (HST-SMC) and an arc tangent function (Arc-ST-SMC). The control performances are analysed based on reduction in magnitude of the tracking error (RMSE) and reduction in magnitude component of the chattering elements observed in frequency domain. The optimized ST-SMC produced the best tracking performance but chattering effect is still persistent. In comparison, HST-SMC produced a comparable tracking performance to ST-SMC with minimal difference of only 12.5% (RMSE). HST-SMC offers a fair trade-off between tracking accuracy and chattering attenuation. On the other hand, arc-ST-SMC produced the most reduction in chattering.

Statistical Pattern Recognition as an After Service for Statistical Process Control

Since internet of things has brings a lot of benefits in various fields, the benefits in manufacturing is widely explored. While Industry 4.0 offers an integration concepts between current manufacturing devices with IoT. In I4, all the resources are connected, and information exchange became ease in shortest period. In any manufacturing application, statistical process control seems fit to be implemented because it shows the process trend as a tool. In this paper, consideration of the boundaries condition as SPC features is explained. Based on the five un behavioral trend conditions, engineers are able to make a process change and minimize the risk of losses and accidents. Eventually, the concept of SPR as an after Service is proposed, consisted of the combination of the element of IoT and SPC boundaries condition. The SPR as an after Service is proposed to be used for traceability tools in network environment.

Time Response Study for Communication in Product Lifecycle Management

The evolvement of Internet of thing (IoT) is undeniable by making the management process become more ease at lowest cost as possible. Product lifecycle management (PLM) is a best approach to be embedded the IoT for the entire manufacturing processes. Real cases reported for weak PLM implemented like late market entry faced by A380 while Toyota faced cost loses in repair, deals and market share from massive called made which effect on company reputations. In this paper, traceability becomes a factor among man, machine and management in order to make fast respond on the data retrieved. The term traceability is measured based on response time in real time system to track the information in just in time for one-to-one communication through JAVA programming and two different operating systems as an approach. The communication can be occurred in less than 20seconds within two different machines. The traceability time is a performance measure for just in time data process which the human behavior factor is neglected for this study. The fastest time response have a potential to optimize the manufacturing management, make more efficient and offer the traceability on product/project status beside improve the flexibility, maintainability, reusability as well as extensibility.

Approximation Technique for Prosthetic Design Using Numerical Foot Profiling

This work studies foot structure to develop a method that represents foot it in the form numerical profile. This profile is used to approximate the important parts for prosthetic foot design. This is done by a proper mapping of bones and joint which resulted in the creation of the kinematic structure. The structure simplifies the outlook of foot anatomy. The structure is then converted into graph that stores the information for vertex adjacency, edge incidence, and path. Further, this information is used to create the visual structures in the form of three distinct synthetic digital images. From these images the decision for important parts in the prosthetic foot design is made. Therefore, it is decided that the prosthetic foot should consist of foot-ankle mechnism and a flexible keel.

An Argument for Walking Gait Profile

Force plate produces distinct M-shaped curves when set to read ground reaction forces on human walking gait. However, force plate cannot read a person’s actual feels on interaction with the ground, that is, the ground reaction forces. In fact, unique structural configuration found in human foot allows easy walking where similar movement is hard to imitate even for an ape. It is obvious that the characteristics of human walking gait relates to the foot’s structure. Foot is modeled where bones are represented by vertices and joints by edges. A graph is then developed to represent the whole foot. By inspection there are twelve points on foot flat that have immediate contact with the ground reaction forces. It is suspected that these points function as the stabilizing nodes. This work proposes a method where profiles of human walking gait can be created through mathematical argument. It is done by exploiting the advantages found in graph theory and general methods in mathematics.