Aaron C. Sather

Solution Phase Measurement of Both Weak σ and C−H···X− Hydrogen Bonding Interactions in Synthetic Anion Receptors

A series of tripodal receptors preorganize electron-deficient aromatic rings to bind halides in organic solvents using weak sigma anion-to-arene interactions or C-H...X- hydrogen bonds. 1H NMR spectroscopy proves to be a powerful technique for quantifying binding in solution and determining the interaction motifs, even in cases of weak binding.

Switchable Catalysis with a Light‐Responsive Cavitand

Host–guest systems that display catalytic behavior represent a promising area of supramolecular chemistry.[1] Supramolecular approaches to cataylst design include ligand-templated encapsulation,[2] self-assembled ligands, coordination compounds, and artificial biomacromolecules.[3] Generally, these systems operate by binding substrates and stabilizing transition states and/or increasing the effective concentration of reactive species within confined space.[4] In most catalytic host–guest systems the substrate is a guest and substrates that adequately fill the host’s interior are required to ensure activity. Alternatively, there are few instances where the guest is the catalyst.[5] These examples incorporate transition metal guests and enhanced reaction rates are rare.[6] Here we report a complementary approach where the bound guest is an organocatalyst in a deep cavitand. We find that the cavitand/piperidinium complex accelerates the Knoevenagel condensation and show that the rate of the reaction can be controlled using light to stimulate structural changes in the cavitand’s shape.

Selective recognition and extraction of the uranyl ion.

A tripodal receptor capable of extracting uranyl ion from aqueous solutions has been developed. At a uranyl concentration of 400 ppm, the developed ligand extracts ∼59% of the uranyl ion into the organic phase. The new receptor features three carboxylates that converge on the uranyl ion through bidentate interactions. Solution studies reveal slow exchange of the carboxylates on the NMR time scale. The crystal structure of the complex shows that the carboxylates coordinate to uranyl ion while the amides hydrogen bond to one of the uranyl oxo-oxygen atoms. The hydrophobic coating of the ligand and its rigidity contribute to its ability to selectively extract uranyl ion from dilute aqueous solutions.

Supramolecular Architecture with a Cavitand - Capsule Chimera

Signalling events in biological systems often make use of macromolecules featuring separated binding compartments and some means of communication between the sites. In synthetic, self-assembled systems, early attempts to arrange confinement in two very different capsules were thwarted by the formation of hybrid capsule structures.1 The hybridization was unexpected, given the sorting of self- and non-self generally at work in such molecular assemblies.2 We report here the preparation and molecular recognition properties of a molecule (1) featuring covalently linked binding sites that do not hybridize yet provide unambiguous self-assembly. The compartments (a deep cavitand and a dimeric capsule) are orthogonal in binding behavior and allow the simultaneous molecular recognition and exchanges of their respective guests. Chimeric host 1 was accessed through a convergent sequence, in which copper catalyzed azide alkyne cycloadditions (Click reactions)3 played a key role in the final stage of the synthesis. The octaamide cavitand portion was prepared in 8 steps starting from the previously reported monofunctionalized resorcinarene 2 (Scheme 1).2e After protection of the hydroxyl anchor on the “feet” as the benzoate ester and debenzylation of the phenolic functions, the “walls” of the cavitand were incorporated using the standard condensation with 3,4-difluoro-1,2-dinitrobenzene. The resulting octanitro compound was reduced, acylated and deprotected at the hydroxyl terminus to yield 4. Functional group interconversion was easily accomplished to yield the key azide building block 5. Scheme 1 Synthesis of azide-functionalized cavitand module 5. The sequential click coupling sequence between 5, azide functionalized resorcinarene 6 and pentadeca-1,14-diyne allowed an efficient assembly of the two main building blocks. After debenzylation, the final build-up of the imide capsule-forming skeleton was accomplished by condensation of 7 with dichloropyrazine 8 following an optimized protocol (Scheme 2).4 Scheme 2 Completion of the synthesis. Upon addition of trans-4,4’-dimethylstilbene (9a) to a solution of 1 in mesitylene-d12 (a non-competing solvent) a singlet corresponding to the methyl groups of 9a appears at δ-2.80 ppm, indicating the formation of a 1:1 capsule with two molecules of 1 (Figure 2). There are two ways to form this capsule and while both diastereomers are doubtlessly formed, the guest inside is oblivious to the differences of the assemblies as revealed by the sharp signal for its methyl groups. Addition of 1-adamantylcarbonitrile (10a) to this solution brings about three more resonances in the upfield region which are assigned to the adamantyl protons bound to the cavitand region of 1. The adamantyl guest binds to its complementary binding site without disruption of the initial capsular assembly. With excess 10a (two-fold per binding site) present in solution, integration reveals a 2:2:1 stoichiometry of assembly components as all cavities are saturated. Figure 2 The NMR spectra of host 1 (mesitylene-d12, 320 K, [1] = 1.8 mM) upon addition of guests 9a (top) and 10a (bottom) are shown. Red circles indicate the methyl resonance of bound 9a and green squares correspond to the buried 1-adamantylcarbonitile protons. ... The formation of a unique and discrete supramolecular assembly of formula 12•9a•10a2 is confirmed by Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy (DOSY)5 experiments (Figure 3). The rigidity and kinetic stability of this assembly provides an unambiguous and graphical result: all the resonances corresponding to the cavitand-capsule hybrid and their guests lie in a narrow trace in the diffusion dimension (D = 1.7 × 10−6 cm2 s−1) which is clearly distinguished from the much faster diffusing small molecules present in solution (mesitylene-d11 D = 1.6 × 10−5 cm2 s−1, 9a D = 1.2 × 10−5 cm2 s−1, 10a D = 1.6 × 10−5 cm2 s−1). The same diffusion values are obtained (within experimental error) at either long (Δ = 100 ms) or short (Δ = 50 ms) diffusion times. Figure 3 1H DOSY NMR spectrum (mesitylene-d12, 300 K, [1] = 1.8 mM) showing distinct diffusion coefficients (D) for assembly 12•9a•10a2 and small, faster diffusing molecules. We next tested the orthogonality of the binding sites by way of the controlled release of guests (Figure 4). Capsule 12 was charged with 4,4’-dimethylbiphenyl (9b, Figure 4a) and then the cavitand sites were loaded with 2-adamantanone (10b, Figure 4b). Incremental addition of 1-adamantylcarbonitrile, a better fit for the cavitand binding pocket, displaces bound 10b from the cavity without perturbing the capsule section (Figure 4c). Displacement of the biphenyl without disturbing the cavitands could be demonstrated as well: n-undecane (9c) smoothly replaces 9b. Although both guests fill slightly less than half of the space inside the capsule, the flexible alkane can find a better fit.6 The capsule can also be extended by means of a glycoluril spacer 11 in the presence of a slightly longer alkane (9d, n-pentadecane). Pentadecane fills the expanded space and displaces the undecane back into the solution.1a The formation of the new 9-component assembly is confirmed by the appearance of the signature resonances at δ 13.3 ppm of the imides’ NH’s in contact with glycoluril carbonyls.7 The newly added hydrogen bonding spacer does not engage the cavitand section and leaves this binding site unaltered. When CD3OD was added to the solution, cleavage of capsule occurred and the pentadecane guest was released. The presence of methanol disrupts the hydrogen bond network of the capsule and accelerates the rotation about the amide N-aryl bond of the cavitand (racemization of the cycloenantiomers), but the concentration of bound 10a is unchanged. The deuteration by the solvent CD3OD causes depletion of the NH resonances and the signal of the imide NH shifts upfield to δ 8.2 ppm (merges with the multiple aromatic resonances of the system, not shown) as the capsule is disrupted. The dehiscence provoked by the competing CD3OD molecules can be reversed by the addition of 9a (packing coefficient 48%), and the assembly of 5 molecules with encapsulated stilbene is restored. Figure 4 a) 12 charged with 9b (red circles), b) the cavitand sites are charged with 10b (green squares), c) addition of 10a (blue squares) releases 10b from the cavitand, d) 9c (yellow circles) replaces 9b in the capsule section, e) addition of glycoluril 11 ... Receptor molecules that self-assemble into oligomeric aggregates of respectable sizes are numerous: they can be constructed through repetitive accumulation of a single module,2a,8 and two component systems are even more plentiful.9 Here we have shown that a self-assembled, ditopic host – a cavitand-capsule chimera – can engage guests at independent binding sites without interacting directly (hybridizing). The guests can be released selectively from either site by action of external chemical stimuli and the dimensions of the capsule compartment can be altered without effect on the cavitand. The orthogonality of the two sites extends to the dynamics of the system since exchange of guests occurs in well-separated time frames: cavitand bound molecules have an encapsulated half-life of 1 to 25 s10 whereas this value is as high as 32 h for some capsule bound molecules.11 We note that 7 is itself a chimera and not without its own possibilities for assembly.12 We will report on these in the sequel.

A Deep Cavitand with a Fluorescent Wall Functions as an Ion Sensor

The synthesis and characterization of a deep cavitand bearing a fluorescent benzoquinoxaline wall is reported. Noncovalent host-guest recognition events are exploited to sense small charged molecules including acetylcholine. The cavitand also exhibits an anion dependent change in fluorescence that is used to differentiate halide ions in solution.

Uranyl ion coordination with rigid aromatic carboxylates and structural characterization of their complexes

Uranyl complexes of rigid aromatic carboxylates were synthesized and their solid-state structures characterized by X-ray crystallography. The new ligands create cavities lined with endohedral functions to encapsulate the uranyl ion.

Synthesis of Fused Indazole Ring Systems and Application to Nigeglanine Hydrobromide

The single-step synthesis of fused tricyclic pyridazino[1,2-a]indazolium ring systems is described. Structural details revealed by crystallography explain the unexpected reactivity. The method is applied to the gram scale synthesis of nigeglanine hydrobromide.

Selective recognition and extraction of the uranyl ion from aqueous solutions with a recyclable chelating resin

An ion exchange polymer 1, incorporating a chelating ligand engineered for the uranyl ion was prepared and its ability to remove uranium from aqueous solutions was studied. The chelating module was shown to form a 1 : 1 complex with the uranyl ion in solution. Comparisons of 1 with the standard imidodiacetate chelating resin, Chelex 100 were performed in uranyl extraction experiments. 1 effectively extracts uranyl ion from aqueous solutions, including spiked seawater, and is fully recyclable for at least 15 extraction cycles.

A synthetic receptor for hydrogen-bonding to fluorines of trifluoroborates

A tripodal receptor featuring three inwardly-directed hydrogen-bond donors binds covalently bound fluorine atoms of trifluoroborates through hydrogen-bonding.