Abdul Adam Abdullah

Impact of oxygenated additives to diesel-biodiesel blends in the context of performance and emissions characteristics of a CI engine

Butanol is receiving huge interest in the area of alternative fuel in the compression ignition (CI) engines. In this work, butanol is used as an oxygenated additive to diesel and biodiesel blend fuels to evaluate the performance and emission of CI engine. The commercially available pure diesel fuel (D100) and 80% commercially available diesel- biodiesel bled (5% biodiesel and 95% by volume) and 20% butanol (BU20) fuels were investigated to evaluate the effects of the fuel blends on the performance and exhaust emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine. The experiment was conducted at fixed load of 75% with the five engine speeds (from 1200-2400 rpm with an interval of 300 rpm). The engine performance parameters such as power, torque, fuel consumption and thermal efficiency and exhaust gas emissions such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and exhaust gas temperature were analysed from the experimental data. The results shows that although butanol addition has caused a slight reduction in power and torque values (11.1% and 3.5%, respectively), the emission values of the engine were improved. With respect to the exhaust gas temperature, CO and NOx emissions, of BU20 is reported to have reduction by 17.7%, 20% and 3%, respectively than the B100. Therefore, butanol can be used as a fuel additive to diesel-biodiesel blends.

Evaluation of Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics Using Waste Cooking Oil

The depletion of fossil fuels as well as the rises of greenhouse gases had caused most government worldwide to follow the international energy policies for the use of biodiesel. One of the economical sources for biodiesel production is waste cooking oil. The use of waste cooking oil is more sustainable if they can perform similarly to conventional diesel fuel. This paper deals with the experimental study carried out to evaluate the engine performance and exhaust emission of diesel engine operated by biodiesel from waste cooking oil at various engine speed. The biodiesel used are known as B5, which contains of 5% of waste cooking oil and 95% of diesel fuel. The other one is B20, which contains of 20% of waste cooking oil plus 80% of diesel. Diesel was used as a comparison purposes. The results show that power and torque for B5 give the closest trend to diesel. In terms of heat release, diesel still dominates the highest value compared to B5 and B20. For exhaust emission, B5 and B20 showed improvement in the reduction of NOx and PM.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) EMISSIONS IN DIESEL ENGINE USING DIESEL-METHANOL BLENDS

In this research, Palm Oil Methyl Ester (PME) was added to methanol-biodiesel fuel in order to reduce the emissions. Thus, for diesel engines, alcohols are receiving increasing attention because they are oxygenated and renewable fuels. Therefore, in this study, the effect of PM emission level of a four cylinder, naturally aspirated, indirect injection diesel engine has been experimentally investigated by using methanol-blended diesel fuel from 0% to 20% with an increment of 5%. Thus, the effects of methanol on particulate matter (PM) components, soluble organic fraction (SOF) and dry soot (DS) using different type of fuel blends were investigated. Using a composite filter, the ester-methanol-diesel characteristic such as mass concentration in term PM, SOF and DS were analyzed under different engine operating conditions. The results show that the combination of 10% of methanol with 20% of Palm Oil Methyl Ester gives less PM emissions. Thus, PME20M10 of methanol-biodiesel fuel can reduce the PM emissions effectively for all load condition.

Variable filtered photographic film as a radiation detector for environmental radiation monitoring

Environmental radiation is an ionising radiation that present in the natural environment which mostly originates from cosmic rays and radionuclide agents in the environment. This may lead the population to be exposed to the radiation. Therefore, the environmental radiation needs to be observed cautiously to minimize the impact of radiation. However, there is no specific or proper monitoring device that provides an outdoor environmental radiation monitoring. Hence, a new outdoor environmental radiation monitoring device was developed. A photographic film has been chosen as a dosimeter. The purpose of this study was to prove the covered photographic film attached with variable filter can be used to develop environmental radiation monitoring device to detect the ionising radiation. The filter used was variable thickness of plastic, aluminium (Al) and lead (Pb). The result from the study showed that the mean optical density (OD) values for medium speed film are in the range 0.41 to 0.73, and for fast speed film the OD values are in the range 0.51 to 1.35. The OD values decreased when the filter was attached. This has proven that the photographic film can be used to detect radiation and fast speed film was more sensitive compared to medium speed film.

Comparison of the Cyclic Variation of a Diesel-Ethanol Blend in a Diesel Engine

Alcohols are renewable and sustainable second generation biofuels which are derived from various biomass feedstock sources. These fuels with similar properties to mineral diesel can be used as a blend or additive to improve the combustion characteristics and pollutant emissions in the automotive engines. However, different fuel properties characterize different combustion phasing parameters for the specific engine operation and test condition. This paper presents the preliminary results of coefficient of variations of IMEP (COVIMEP) and Pmax (COVPmax) for a diesel engine fuelled with mineral diesel (B0) and DE10 blend at full load both engine speeds of 1100 rpm and 2300 rpm. The influence of ethanol content in a blend of diesel on the cyclic combustion variations is explained in the calculation values of the coefficient of cyclic variation (COV). The experimental results showed the DE10 fuelling exhibited larger cyclic variations than mineral diesel (B0) at the same test conditions, owing to the reduction of combustion temperature during combustion phasing and lower reactivity of ethanol.

Experimental investigation of the impact of using alcohol- biodiesel-diesel blending fuel on combustion of single cylinder CI engine

The effect of alcohol addition has been experimentally in vestgated in the current study by blending it with diesel and palm based biodiesel on the combustion of a compression ignition engine. The experiment was run by single-cylinder, naturally aspirated, direct injection, four-stroke diesel engine. Based on the pressure-crank angle data collected from the pressure transducer and crank angle encoder, the combustion analysis such as incylinder pressure, incylinder temperature, energy release rate, cumulative energy release and ignition delay are analysed. In this comparative study, the effects of alcohols namely butanol BU20 (20% butanol addition on the commercially available diesel biodiesel emulsion) is compared and evaluated with pure diesel (D100). The results revealed that the the ignition delay for BU20 is longer as compared to that of D100 in all engine speeds and loads compared. Besides, the incylinder temperatures were rudecued with the butanol addition. The energy release rate for BU20 was higher than that for diesel, whereas the peak positions concerning the energy release rate for BU20 was discovered at 2400 rpm. Therefore addition of butanol will have positive role on the NOx emissions and stability of the engine due to its higher latent heat of vaporization.

Characteristic of blended fuel properties and engine cycle-to-cycle variations with butanol additive

Biodiesel fuel characteristics are one of the most important parameters that limited their application in diesel engines. Though biodiesel-diesel blended fuel can replace diesel satisfactorily at low blending ratios up to 20%, problems related to fuel property persist at high blending ratio. Hence, in the present study, the feasibility of biodiesel-diesel blended fuel B30 was investigated with respect to its properties and engine cyclic variations with increasing butanol additive. The blended fuel with additive were tested experimentally in a diesel engine and the in-cylinder pressure data were collected and analyzed using the coefficient of variation and wavelet power spectrum to evaluate the engine cyclic variations compared to diesel fuel engine test results. The fuel property test results showed slight improvement in density and acid value with significant reduction in viscosity when increasing butanol additive. Furthermore, the blended fuel pour point was reduced to −6 °C at 8% butanol additive. On the other hand, the energy content slightly affected with increasing butanol additive in the blend. From the wavelet power spectrum, it is observed that the short-period oscillations appear intermittently in pure blended fuel, while the long and intermediate-term periodicities tends to appear with increasing additive ratio. Moreover, the spectral power increased with an increase in the additive ratio indicating that the additive has a noticeable effect on increasing the cycle to cycle variation. The coefficient of variation of indicated mean effective pressure for B30 were found to be the lowest and increases with increasing additive ratios. Both the wavelet analysis and coefficient of variation results reveals that blended fuel B30 has engine cyclic variations comparable to diesel fuel with increasing butanol additive up to 4%.

Analysis of Combustion Characteristics of Waste Plastic Disposal Fuel (WPDF) and Tire Derived Fuel (TDF)

The increase of industrial activities and motor vehicles globally causes rise demands in fossil fuel as energy sources. Since fossil fuel is non-renewable energy, many researches have been conducted to reduce the reliance to this fossil fuel. In conjunction, the number of waste plastic and tires around the world is increasing as a result of modern application and increasing number of motor vehicle. This type of waste is hard to decays and commonly dumped onto open landfills. Utilization of waste tires and plastics can produce alternative fuel that potentially can be used in diesel engine. In this paper, the combustion characteristics of two waste source fuels known as waste plastic disposal fuel (WPDF) and tire disposal fuel (TDF) are discussed. The combustion characteristics of both fuels are compared to diesel fuel. WPDF and TDF used in this experiment are pure concentrated and not blended with diesel fuel. The experiment is conducted using single cylinder YANMAR TF120M diesel engine. The engine is operated at constant load at 20 Nm and variable speed ranged from 1200 rpm to 2400 rpm. The combustion characteristics that discussed in this paper are ignition delay and peak pressure. Both characteristic are measured at two engine speed region which is low speed (1200 rpm) and high speed (2100 rpm). From the results obtained, it can be observed that WPDF has comparable ignition delay compared to diesel fuel while TDF has longest ignition delay compared to WPDF and diesel fuel. TDF also produce highest peak pressure compared to other tested fuels. Moreover, TDF is not suitable for high speed application since it cause backfire when engine speed reach 2200 rpm.

Study on Particulate Matter of Diesel Engine Using Waste Cooking Oil

Particulate matter (PM) is one of the major pollutants emitted by diesel engine which have adverse effects on human health. Accordingly, many researches have been done to find alternative fuels that are clean and efficient. Biodiesel is preferred as an alternative source for diesel engine which produces lower PM than diesel fuel. However, the manufacturing cost of biodiesel from vegetable oil is expensive. Therefore, using waste cooking oil (WCO) for biodiesel would be more economical and sustainable solution. The characteristics of direct injection diesel engine in term of the PM have been investigated experimentally in this study. The experiments were conducted using single cylinder diesel engine with different speed (1200 rpm, 1500 rpm, 1800 rpm, 2100 rpm, 2400 rpm) at constant load. PM emission of WCO B100 and diesel fuel was compared and the effect of PM components such as soluble organic fraction (SOF) and soot were studied. The result showed WCO B100 reduces the PM emission at all engine speed. Furthermore, both fuels showed highest reduction of PM concentration at moderate engine speed of 1500 rpm.

Analysis of Diesel Engine Performance Fueled with Waste Cooking Oil

Waste cooking oil (WCO) is one of the economical and easiest sources for biodiesel production. The use of WCO in diesel engine is sustainable if they can perform similarly to diesel fuel. Therefore, this paper presents the performance and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine fueled with biodiesel from WCO and compared with diesel fuel. In this study, the WCO was blended with diesel fuel at 5% and 10% blending ratio and named as B5 and B10 respectively. The experiment has been conducted at variable engine speed, constant load and at compression ratios of 17.7. The performance parameters that have been analyzed in this experiment were engine power, torque and in-cylinder pressure. In the end, results show that the engine performance of B5 and B10 was slightly similar to diesel fuel and can be used as a diesels substitute.