Abu Hanifah Haris

Penubuhan dan Perkembangan Persekutuan Melayu Mesir (PMM), 1956-1964

Persekutuan Melayu Mesir (PMM) is one of the earliest Malay student associations in Cairo. History of the earliest Malay student association in Cairo can be traced to the early 1920s, but PMM was officially launched in 1956. PMM was a very active and influential association among the Malay students in Cairo in the late 1950s and early 1960s. This association still exists until today with the new name Persekutuan Melayu Republik Arab Mesir (PMRAM). Although PMM was an influential Malay student association in Cairo, very little is known about it. This article discusses the establishment of PMM and its development from 1956 to 1964. In particular, the study shows that the administration of PMM was carried out systematically by its members. The association has its own rules, annual structure of organization, and a complete information about the number of its members. The study also uncovered that the students’ hectic schedules did not stop them from administering PMM efficiently for the welfare of their own members.

The Role of Egyptian Influences on the Religious Dynamics and the Idea of Progress of Malaya's Kaum Muda (Young Faction) before the Second World War

Egyptian influences related to progress spread in Malaya before the Second World War through the journals published and the religious schools established by the Kaum Muda (The Young Faction). The Kaum Muda traced its origin from the reformist thinking of Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā who published the journal al-Manār from 1898 in Egypt. To disseminate their reformist thought, the Kaum Muda published al-Imām from 23 July 1906, a journal that was directly influenced by al-Manār. Apart from publishing journals, the Kaum Muda, particularly its staunchest exponent, Sayyid Shaykh al-Hadi, also published books and novels with reformist themes, particularly on women’s emancipation. As well as using printed media to convey their messages, the Kaum Muda used modern religious education known as madrasa education, which was associated with reformist thinking, to spread their ideas and bring progress to Malay society.Egyptian influences related to progress spread in Malaya before the Second World War through the journals published and the religious schools established by the Kaum Muda (The Young Faction). The Kaum Muda traced its origin from the reformist thinking of Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā who published the journal al-Manār from 1898 in Egypt. To disseminate their reformist thought, the Kaum Muda published al-Imām from 23 July 1906, a journal that was directly influenced by al-Manār. Apart from publishing journals, the Kaum Muda, particularly its staunchest exponent, Sayyid Shaykh al-Hadi, also published books and novels with reformist themes, particularly on women’s emancipation. As well as using printed media to convey their messages, the Kaum Muda used modern religious education known as madrasa education, which was associated with reformist thinking, to spread their ideas and bring progress to Malay society.

Keperluan dan Persediaan dalam Perjalanan Menuntut Ilmu: Sejarah Pemergian Pelajar Melayu ke Kaherah, 1910-an Sehingga 1950-an

The number of Malay students who had studied in Egypt shown a sharp increase since 1920’s. Despite facing many challenges and obstacles, the number of Malay students studied in Egypt increased since then rapidly. This article discusses the challenges and obstacles faced by Malay students studied in Egypt, especially at al-Azhar University, Cairo from 1910’s to 1950’s. Based on the library research, this study examines and analyzes the primary sources and secondary sources related to the challenges and obstacles faced by these students to further their studies in Egypt. This study also found that the departure of Malay students from Malaya to Cairo exposed them to a variety of challenges, either before embarking for the trip, or upon arriving in Egypt, particularly the process of obtaining their passport and visa. Despite of such challenges, the number of Malay students studied in Egypt continued increasing sharply since 1920’s, which proved that the Malay students, in spite of the challenges and obstacles faced continued to travel to Egypt in pursuit of religious knowledge at al-Azhar University, Cairo.

Pemergian pelajar Melayu ke Mesir dari tahun 1910-an hingga 1950-an: cabaran dan implikasi

Jumlah pelajar Melayu yang melanjutkan pelajaran di Mesir telah menunjukkan peningkatan sejak tahun 1920-an. Meskipun berhadapan dengan pelbagai cabaran dan rintangan, namun jumlah pelajar Melayu yang melanjutkan pelajaran di Mesir mencatatkan peningkatan setiap tahun. Artikel ini membincangkan cabaran dan rintangan yang dihadapi oleh pelajar Melayu yang melanjutkan pelajaran di Mesir, khususnya di Universiti al-Azhar, Kaherah sejak tahun 1910-an hingga 1950-an. Kajian ini dilakukan berdasarkan kaedah kajian perpustakaan dengan meneliti dan menganalisis sumber primer dan sumber sekunder berkaitan cabaran dan rintangan yang dihadapi oleh pelajar Melayu bagi melanjutkan pelajaran di Mesir. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa pemergian pelajar Melayu ke Kaherah mendedahkan mereka kepada pelbagai cabaran dan rintangan, sama ada sebelum memulakan perjalanan, semasa dalam perjalanan dan selepas menamatkan perjalanan dan tiba di Mesir, khususnya proses mendapatkan pasport dan visa.

Contributions of Egypt Alumni in education and literature in Malaya and Indonesia, 1920s-1970s

Since the 1920s, there was a drastic increase in the number of students from Malaya and Indonesia studying in Cairo, especially al-Azhar University. These students were actively involved in societies and magazine publishing, as well as in student activism. When they returned home, many contributed to the development of various fields, including education and literature in Malaya and Indonesia. Among the earliest, was Muhammad Fadhlullah Suhaimi who was involved in the establishment of Arabic schools in Singapore, Johor and Kelantan. He also founded a college in Wonosobo, East Java. In Indonesia, an Egyptian university alumnus who played an important role in education was Abdul Kahar Muzakkir. He was directly involved in the establishment of the IAIN Sunan, Yogyakarta. Abdul Wahab Abdullah was active in newspaper and magazine journalism as well as religious book publishing and literature in Malaya. Muhammad Fadhlullah himself was appointed as writer of a magazine Temasek and a Malay newspaper, Utusan Melayu. In Indonesia, Mahmud Yunus wrote many religious books and published Quranic tafsir. After Indonesia and Malaya achieved independence, Egypt alumni continued to contribute significantly in the field of education and literature.

KEMAL ATATURK DAN PEMBAHARUAN DI TURKI: POLEMIK DALAM AKHBAR DAN MAJALAH MELAYU PADA TAHUN 1920-AN DAN 1930-AN

The rise of Kemal Ataturk (1881-1938) as President of the Republic of Turkey in 1924 resulted in him being regarded as a highly respected political leader among the Malays. This is clear from the extensive coverage on him given by Malay newspapers and magazines. This article will focus on the polemics evident in the Malay newspapers and magazines of the period revolving around Kemals modernisation plans. In the early stages, most of the Malay newspapers and magazines supported Kemals establishment of the Republic of Turkey and his modernisation programmes. However, support for Kemals modernisation plans reduced considerably when it became obvious that the modernisation programmes began to marginalize Islam and the elements of secularism became clear. Several controversial issues related to the modernisation programmes that were clearly against Islamic teachings eventually gave rise to polemical discussions in the Malay newspapers and journals.