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Dive into the research topics where Achim Plum is active.

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Featured researches published by Achim Plum.


The Journal of Comparative Neurology | 2000

Expression patterns of connexin genes in mouse retina

Martin Güldenagel; Goran Söhl; Achim Plum; Otto Traub; Barbara Teubner; Reto Weiler; Klaus Willecke

To analyze the molecular basis of gap junctional communication in mouse retina, we examined the expression pattern of the following 13 connexin (Cx) genes: Cx26, Cx30, Cx30.3, Cx31, Cx31.1, Cx32, Cx36, Cx37, Cx40, Cx43, Cx45, Cx46, and Cx50. By using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reactions with primer oligonucleotides to murine connexin genes, we detected mRNAs of Cx26, Cx31, Cx32, Cx36, Cx37, Cx40, Cx43, Cx45, and Cx50. Retinae from heterozygous mice with targeted replacement of most of the Cx45 open reading frame by a lacZ reporter gene showed Cx45 promoter activity in somata of the ganglion cell layer and the inner nuclear layer. Immunoblot and immunofluorescence analyses with antibodies generated to murine connexin epitopes revealed the presence of Cx36, Cx37, Cx43, and Cx45 proteins: The outer and inner plexiform layer were immunopositive for Cx36 and Cx45. Cx37 immunoreactivity was found in blood vessels of the inner retina. Cx43 immunolabeling was detected in the ganglion cell layer and nerve fiber layer where it was largely colocalized with immunostaining of glial fibrillary acidic protein suggesting that Cx43‐positive cells could be of glial origin. No Cx26 protein was detected in retina by using Cx26 antibodies for immunoblot analyses or confocal microscopy. Furthermore, comparative immunofluorescence analyses of retinae from mice deficient for Cx31, Cx32, or Cx40 with retinae of wild‐type mice revealed no specific immunostaining. Our results demonstrate regional specificity in expression of connexin genes in mouse retina and, thus, provide a basis for future assignments of functional defects in connexin‐deficient mice to cells in different regions of the retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 425:193–201, 2000.


Journal of Clinical Investigation | 2006

Connexin43-dependent mechanism modulates renin secretion and hypertension

Jacques-Antoine Haefliger; Nathalie Krattinger; David H. Martin; Thierry Pedrazzini; Alessandro M. Capponi; Britta Döring; Achim Plum; Anne Charollais; Klaus Willecke; Paolo Meda

To investigate the function of Cx43 during hypertension, we studied the mouse line Cx43KI32 (KI32), in which the coding region of Cx32 replaces that of Cx43. Within the kidneys of homozygous KI32 mice, Cx32 was expressed in cortical and medullary tubules, as well as in some extra- and intraglomerular vessels, i.e., at sites where Cx32 and Cx43 are found in WT mice. Under such conditions, renin expression was much reduced compared with that observed in the kidneys of WT and heterozygous KI32 littermates. After exposure to a high-salt diet, all mice retained a normal blood pressure. However, whereas the levels of renin were significantly reduced in the kidneys of WT and heterozygous KI32 mice, reaching levels comparable to those observed in homozygous littermates, they were not further affected in the latter animals. Four weeks after the clipping of a renal artery (the 2-kidney, 1-clip [2K1C] model), 2K1C WT and heterozygous mice showed an increase in blood pressure and in the circulating levels of renin, whereas 2K1C homozygous littermates remained normotensive and showed unchanged plasma renin activity. Hypertensive, but not normotensive, mice also developed cardiac hypertrophy. The data indicate that replacement of Cx43 by Cx32 is associated with decreased expression and secretion of renin, thus preventing the renin-dependent hypertension that is normally induced in the 2K1C model.


Zeitschrift Fur Kardiologie | 2001

Elektrophysiologische Charakterisierung Connexin 40-defizienter Herzen -in vivo-Untersuchungen an Mäusen

Andreas Hagendorff; Susanne Kirchhoff; Olaf Krüger; Eckhardt D; Achim Plum; Burghard Schumacher; Wolpert C

Intercellular communication is not only mediated by extracellular transmitters, but also directly by gap junction channels. One channel is composed of two hexameric hemichannels which consist of six polypeptide subunits called connexines (Cx). In the mammalian heart the following connexines have been documented: Cx37, Cx40, Cx43, Cx45, Cx46, Cx50 and Cx57. The labeling by number represents the rounded, molecular mass of the amino acid sequences given in kD. If identical connexin-isotypes form both connexons of a gap junction channel, homotypic coupling exists and a homomeric gap junction channel is formed. Different connexin-isotypes within both connexons cause form heterotypic coupling and heteromeric gap junction channels. Each channel type has specific properties regarding permeability and electrical conductance. Beside a typical age-dependent alignement of gap junction channels on the surface of the cardiac myocytes, regional distribution of the different connexins is different at distinct parts of the mouse heart. Cx40 is not found in the ventricular working myocardium of mice. In the atria as well as in the conduction system, Cx40 is the most frequently expressed. In line with the localization and the conduction properties of distinct homotypic gap junction channels, the Cx40 deficient mouse is suitable for analysis of atrial arrhythmias. Cx40-deficiency in the mouse heart results in characteristic ECG changes like first degree atrioventricular block and prolongation of the QRS duration. Thus, an impairment of the sinuatrial, intraatrial and atrioventricular conduction properties is documented in Cx40 deficient mice. These observations are associated with an increased atrial vulnerability.¶   The Cx40 deficient mouse provides a good example of the relevance of transgenic mouse models to clarify the mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis. The clinical impact of future transgenic mouse models depends on the cooperation of geneticists, basic researchers and clinicians. Benachbarte Zellen in einem Zellverband kommunizieren nicht nur über extrazelluläre Botenstoffe, sondern auch über eine über Gap-Junction-Kanäle vermittelte direkte Kopplung. Ein Gap-Junction-Kanal besteht aus jeweils zwei Halbkanälen, den Connexonen, welche ihrerseits aus sechs Proteinuntereinheiten, den Connexinen (Cx) bestehen. Im Herzen wurden bisher die Connexin-Proteine Cx37, Cx40, Cx43, Cx45, Cx46, Cx50 und Cx57 nachgewiesen. Die Zahlen-Bezeichnung entspricht der aus der Aminosäuren-Sequenz errechneten, abgerundeten Molekülmasse in kilo Daltons. Identische Connexin-Isotypen innerhalb eines Connexons und innerhalb beider Connexone des Gap-Junction-Kanals bilden eine homotypische Koppelung und einen homomeren Gap-Junction-Kanal. Unterschiedliche Connexin-Isotopen führen zur heterotypischen Kopplung und zu heterotypischen Gap-Junction-Kanälen. Die verschiedenen Connexin-Isotypen verleihen den Gap-Junction-Kanälen spezifische Eigenschaften im Hinblick auf Permeabilität und elektrische Leitfähigkeit. Neben einer typischen Membranlokalisation der Gap-Junction-Kanäle in der Myokardzelle bestehen zusätzlich noch regionale Unterschiede der Connexine innerhalb einzelner Herzstrukturen. Cx40 wird nicht im Arbeitsmyokard des Ventrikels bei der Maus nachgewiesen. Im Vorhofmyokard und im Erregungsleitungssystem ist das Cx40 vorherrschend. Entsprechend der Lokalisation und der Leitungseigenschaften der einzelnen Gap-Junction-Kanäle eignet sich die Cx40-defiziente Maus zur Analyse von Vorhofrhythmusstörungen. Cx40-Defizienz verursacht charakteristische Oberflächen-EKG-Veränderungen im Sinne eines atrioventrikulären Blocks 1. Grades sowie einer Verbreiterung des QRS-Komplexes. In Übereinstimmung mit diesen Befunden werden bei der Cx40-defizienten Maus sinuatriale, intraatriale und atrioventrikuläre Leitungsverzögerungen und eine gesteigerte atriale Vulnerabilität beobachtet.¶   Die Cx40-defiziente Maus ist ein gutes Beispiel für die Bedeutung transgener Mausmodelle in der Rhythmologie. Die klinische Relevanz zukünftiger transgener Mausmodelle kann nur durch die Zusammenarbeit von Genetikern, Grundlagenforschern und Kliniker erarbeitet werden.


Zeitschrift Fur Kardiologie | 2000

Herzrhythmusstörungen bei gezielt Connexin-defizienten Mäusen: Bedeutung für die Rhythmologie

Andreas Hagendorff; Achim Plum

Intercellular communication can be mediated by gap junction channels. One channel is composed of two hexameric hemichannels which consist of six polypeptide subunits called connexines (Cx). Three different connexines were documented in the cardiac myocytes: Cx40, Cx43 and Cx45. The labeling by number represents the rounded, molecular mass of the amino acid sequences given in kD. Identical connexons form homotypic channels different connexons can form heterotypic channels. Each channel type has specific properties regarding permeability and electrical conductance. Beside a typical age-dependent alignment of gap junction channels on the surface of the cardiac myocytes, regional distribution of the different connexins is different at distinct parts of the mouse heart. The ventricular working myocardium is characterized by Cx43, whereas Cx40 and Cx45 were not found in this region. In the atria as well as in the conduction system, Cx40 is the most frequently expressed. Cx45 appears to form a border zone between conductive and the surrounding working myocardium. In line with the localization and the conduction properties of distinct homotypic gap junction channels, the Cx43 deficient mouse is suitable for analysis of ventricular arrhythmias and the Cx40 deficient mouse primarily for studies of atrial arrhythmias. Increased ventricular conduction velocity and increased ventricular vulnerability were observed in the presence of a decreased number and density of Cx43 gap junction channels. This observation, however, is controversialy discussed. Cx40 deficiency induces an impairment of the sinuatrial, intraatrial and atrioventricular conduction properties and is associated with an increased atrial vulnerability.¶ Transgenic mouse models and new mapping techniques for detection of the electrical wavefront propagation provide new insights into the mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis. Geneticists, clinicians and basic researchers need to collaborate in order to explore the clinical relevance of the new mouse models and their use for molecular medicine. Gap-Junction-Kanäle ermöglichen eine direkte Kommunikation zwischen benachbarten Zellen. Sie sind aus jeweils zwei Halbkanälen, den Connexonen aufgebaut, welche ihrerseits aus sechs Proteinuntereinheiten, den Connexinen (Cx) bestehen. In den Herzmuskelzellen wurden bisher drei Connexin-Proteine nachgewiesen: Cx40, Cx43 und Cx45. Die Zahlen-Bezeichnung entspricht der aus der Aminosäuren-Sequenz errechneten, abgerundeten Molekülmasse in kilo Daltons. Sind beide Connexone aus identischen Connexin-Isotypen aufgebaut, spricht man von homotypischer Koppelung, wenn alle 12 Connexine den gleichen Isotyp besitzen, liegt ein homomerer Kanal vor. Darüberhinaus ist auch die Bildung funktioneller heterotypischer Kanäle zwischen Halbkanälen unterschiedlicher Connexin-Zusammensetzung möglich. Die unterschiedlichen Connexin-Isotypen verleihen den Gap-Junction-Kanälen spezifische Eigenschaften im Hinblick auf Permeabilität und elektrische Leitfähigkeit. Neben einer typischen Membranlokalisation der Gap-Junction-Kanäle in der Myokardzelle bestehen zusätzlich noch regionale Unterschiede der Connexine innerhalb einzelner Herzstrukturen. Für das Arbeitsmyokard des Ventrikels ist Cx43 charakteristisch; dagegen wurden Cx40 nicht und Cx45 nur in geringen Mengen in dieser Region bei der Maus nachgewiesen. Im Vorhofmyokard und im Erregungsleitungssystem ist das Cx40 vorherrschend. Cx45 bildet eine funktionell leitungsverzögernde Grenzschicht zwischen Erregungsleitungssystem und umgebender Muskulatur. Entsprechend der Lokalisation und der Leitungseigenschaften der einzelnen Gap-Junction-Kanäle eignet sich die Cx43-defiziente Maus zur Analyse von Kammerrhythmusstörungen, die Cx40-defiziente Maus primär zur Analyse von Vorhofrhythmusstörungen. Eine Abnahme der ventrikulären Leitungsgeschwindigkeiten und eine gesteigerte ventrikuläre Vulnerabilität wurde bei Abnahme der Anzahl und Dichte von Cx43-Gap-Junction-Kanälen beobachtet. Dies wird in der Literatur jedoch kontrovers diskutiert. Cx40-Defizienz verursacht sinuatriale, intraatriale und atrioventrikuläre Leitungsverzögerungen und eine gesteigerte atriale Vulnerabilität.¶ Transgene Mausmodelle und neue Mapping-Verfahren der Ausbreitung der elektrischen Erregungswelle tragen wesentlich zum besseren Verständnis der Arrhythmogenese bei. Genetiker, Kliniker und Grundlagenforscher sind zur Zusammenarbeit aufgerufen, um die klinische Relevanz dieser Modelle und damit ihre Bedeutung in der modernen Medizin zu untersuchen.


Development | 2000

Defective vascular development in connexin 45-deficient mice

Olaf Krüger; Achim Plum; Jung-Sun Kim; Elke Winterhager; Stephan Maxeiner; Gaby Hallas; Susanne Kirchhoff; Otto Traub; Wouter H. Lamers; Klaus Willecke


Developmental Biology | 2001

Connexin31-deficiency in mice causes transient placental dysmorphogenesis but does not impair hearing and skin differentiation.

Achim Plum; Elke Winterhager; Joerg Pesch; Juergen Lautermann; Gaby Hallas; Boris Rosentreter; Otto Traub; Claus Herberhold; Klaus Willecke


Experimental Cell Research | 2004

Replacement by a lacZ reporter gene assigns mouse connexin36, 45 and 43 to distinct cell types in pancreatic islets

Martin Theis; Christophe Mas; Britta Döring; Joachim Degen; Christopher Brink; Dorothée Caille; Anne Charollais; Olaf Krüger; Achim Plum; Virginie Nepote; Pedro Luis Herrera; Paolo Meda; Klaus Willecke


Methods | 2000

General or cell type-specific deletion and replacement of connexin-coding DNA in the mouse.

Martin Theis; Thomas M. Magin; Achim Plum; Klaus Willecke


Novartis Foundation symposium | 1999

Biological functions of connexin genes revealed by human genetic defects, dominant negative approaches and targeted deletions in the mouse.

Klaus Willecke; Susanne Kirchhoff; Achim Plum; Achim Temme; Eva Thönnissen; Thomas Ott


Novartis Foundation Symposium 219 - Gap Junction-Mediated Intercellular Signalling in Health and Disease | 2007

Biological Functions of Connexin Genes Revealed by Human Genetic Defects, Dominant Negative Approaches and Targeted Deletions in the Mouse

Klaus Willecke; Susanne Kirchhoff; Achim Plum; Achim Temme; Eva Thöunnissen; Thomas Ott

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Elke Winterhager

University of Duisburg-Essen

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