Ad J. Bakker

Diagnosing scaphoid fractures radiographs cannot be used as a gold standard

To evaluate the reproducibility of the interpretation of radiographs for the diagnosis of scaphoid fractures, 134 radiographs (60 consecutive patients) were blindly observed by a resident radiologist, consultant radiologist, resident trauma surgeon and consultant trauma surgeon. The results of radiographs were analysed using kappa (kappa) statistics and stratified according to the results of the corresponding bone scan. In 23 patients the bone scan was positive for fracture of the scaphoid. Irrespective of training and experience, the kappa of the comparison of the scores of the radiographs between any two observers did not exceed 40 per cent. After stratification of the outcome of the bone scan, the kappa did not increase significantly. A panel of three experienced observers gave their opinion of all radiographs. The results were compared with the bone scan results. We conclude that radiographs in suspected scaphoid fracture cannot be used as a reliable diagnostic approach because of the low inter-observer agreement in the interpretation, irrespective of the experience and training of the observer.

Phase II trial of weekly locoregional hyperthermia and cisplatin in patients with a previously irradiated recurrent carcinoma of the uterine cervix

The biologic rationale for combining cisplatin with locoregional hyperthermia (HT) relates to the potentiating effect of HT on cisplatin cytotoxicity.

Radiography and scintigraphy of suspected scaphoid fracture. A long-term study in 160 patients

Radiographs of the scaphoid after injury are difficult to interpret, and bone scintigraphy is widely used to increase the accuracy of diagnosis, though many fractures suspected on scintigraphy cannot be confirmed radiologically. We have reviewed the clinical consequences, after one year, of managing suspected scaphoid fractures according to the bone-scan results. We studied 160 patients, 35 of whom had initially positive radiographs and were treated in a cast for 12 weeks. The other 125 had bone scintigraphy and were managed according to the result. After a minimum of one year 119 patients were reviewed. Scintigraphically suspected scaphoid fracture could not be confirmed radiologically in 25%. There were no cases of nonunion. The long period of immobilisation in patients with positive radiographs or positive bone scans did not influence the frequency or severity of late symptoms compared with those with a normal bone scan.

Significance of a hot spot on the bone scan after carpal injury--evaluation by computed tomography.

The use of bone scintigraphy in patients with negative radiographs after carpal injury is widely advocated. However, focally increased activity on the bone scan in the scaphoid or other carpal bones cannot always be radiologically confirmed as a fracture. To confirm scintigraphically suspected carpal fractures, computed tomography (CT) of the wrist was performed in patients with clinically suspected scaphoid fracture and initially negative radiographs. All patients underwent plain radiography, bone scintigraphy and CT. The combination of plain radiographs and CT, as judged by a panel of experienced observers, was used as the reference standard. In 18 patients, 21 out of 22 carpal hot spots on bone scintigraphy could be radiologically confirmed as a fracture. The diagnosis was missed by CT scan in three patients with proven fractures on plain radiographs. We conclude that, in patients with negative initial radiographs following carpal injury, a positive bone scan must be interpreted as a fracture.

Feasibility, toxicity, and preliminary results of weekly loco-regional hyperthermia and cisplatin in patients with previously irradiated recurrent cervical carcinoma or locally advanced bladder cancer

PURPOSE The biological rationale for combining locoregional hyperthermia (HT) with cisplatin (CDDP) is the potentiating effect of HT on CDDP uptake and cytotoxicity. Feasibility, toxicity, and preliminary results of a clinical trial of weekly loco-regional HT in combination with cisplatin are described in this article. METHODS AND MATERIALS Patients with previously irradiated unresectable local recurrent cervical carcinoma or locally advanced bladder carcinoma were treated with weekly cycles of locoregional HT (70 MHz four antenna phased array system) for 1 h and CDDP 50 mg/m(2) IV for a maximum of 12 courses. RESULTS Fourteen patients, 10 patients with recurrent cervical carcinoma and 4 with locally advanced bladder carcinoma, were entered in this study. A total of 100 cycles were given. Overall toxicity was acceptable; Grade 3 (WHO) toxicity (gastrointestinal, hematological, and neurotoxicity) was observed in 5 out of 14 patients. No Grade 4 toxicity was seen. Subcutaneously fatty necrosis due to HT occurred in 11% of the cycles, while two patients developed skin burns. Two out of 10 patients with recurrent cervical carcinoma were not evaluable for response. Four out of eight evaluable cervical carcinoma patients responded (two pathologic complete responses, one pathologic confirmed partial response, one partial response): response rate 50% (95% confidence interval 15.7-84.3%). Salvage surgery became possible in three out of four responding patients, whose tumors were previously considered unresectable. Two out of the four evaluable patients with locally advanced bladder carcinoma responded (two partial responses). CONCLUSIONS Weekly loco-regional HT and CDDP 50 mg/m(2)/week for a maximum of 12 courses is feasible with an acceptable toxicity, which seems not to be enhanced by the addition of loco-regional HT. The encouraging preliminary results of this treatment schedule warrant further study, especially in patients with previously irradiated recurrent cervical carcinomas.

CARPAL BOX RADIOGRAPHY IN SUSPECTED SCAPHOID FRACTURE

We have assessed the value of using a simple apparatus,the Carpal Box, in patients with suspected scaphoid fracture, to produce elongated and magnified radiographs of the carpus. The interobserver agreement between 60 observers of standard scaphoid radiographs and longitudinal and transverse Carpal Box radiographs (X-CB) was compared in 11 patients. Three-phase bone scanning was used as a comparative standard. If at least 75% of the observers agreed and the result was confirmed by three-phase bone scanning, the outcome was termed reliable. Scaphoid radiographs and the longitudinal X-CB films were reliable in four patients and the transverse X-CB films in six patients. The bone scan suggested a scaphoid fracture in five of the 11 patients. Agreement in the interpretation of the standard scaphoid radiographs was acceptable in only 36% of patients: in interpretation of transverse Carpal Box radiographs this figure increased to 55%.

Hemodynamic effects and image quality of low-osmolar ionic and nonionic contrast media during pulmonary angiography

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES We compared the hemodynamic responses to ionic and nonionic low-osmolar contrast media of patients who underwent pulmonary angiography. METHODS Ninety-nine consecutive patients with suspected pulmonary emboli were randomly assigned to receive either 40 ml iohexol or 40 ml ioxaglate in 2 sec at 600 psi (0.17 kg/m2). Mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulse rate, and blood pressure were recorded before, immediately after, and 2, 5, and 10 min following injection. Image quality was assessed by readers who were unaware of drug assignment. RESULTS Pulmonary arterial pressure increased to a maximum at 2 min and was higher in patients with pulmonary emboli (p = .06). There were no significant differences between the two contrast media used. The systolic blood pressure and pulse rate in patients with pulmonary emboli increased significantly more in the ioxaglate group (ps = .03 and .04, respectively). Image quality was excellent in 90% of both groups. CONCLUSION Both contrast agents are safe for pulmonary angiography and yield similar image quality. There appears to be a positive inotropic effect of ioxaglate.