Ade Sjafruddin

Discrete event simulation model for external yard choice of import container terminal in a port buffer area

Increasing container traffic and land acquisition problem for terminal expansion leads to usage of external yard in a port buffer area. This condition influenced the terminal performance because a road which connects the terminal and the external yard was also used by non-container traffic. Location choice problem considered to solve this condition, but the previous research has not taken account a stochastic condition of container arrival rate and service time yet. Bi-level programming framework was used to find optimum location configuration. In the lower-level, there was a problem to construct the equation, which correlated the terminal operation and the road due to different time cycle equilibrium. Container moves from the quay to a terminal gate in a daily unit of time, meanwhile, it moves from the terminal gate to the external yard through the road in a minute unit of time. If the equation formulated in hourly unit equilibrium, it cannot catch up the container movement characteristics in the termina...

Mode choice model for working trip under risk and uncertainty

Supplying transportation facilities have been predicted from the mode choice analysis in the context of disaggregate based on the concept of utility maximization. Essentially, it is assumed that th...

Inland container depots effect for import container terminal performance at Koja container terminal, Jakarta based on optimization–simulation model

Increasing the container volume and the lack of land acquisition for terminal development is a problem encountered by container terminal operators in Indonesia in the last years. To maintain the high demand on terminal service, the operator uses Inland Container Depots (ICD) as one of the fastest and cheapest solutions with some limitations compared to port expansion. Capacity and location are issues that should be addressed when ICD is used as one of the capacity-solving problems. ICD operation will increase the ability of the terminal services, yet the connecting roads that are also used by non-container traffic will affect the transfer operation of containers from the terminal to ICD. The container movement from the terminal to ICD is determined by the value of Yard Occupancy Ratio (YOR). The method that integrates the decision of transferring containers from the terminal and selecting ICD locations is required to cope with this issue. Differences in cycle time equilibrium of terminal operations and connecting roads complicate the construction of analytical equations. Discrete Event Simulation is used to accommodate the difference of operating time cycle, a stochastic condition of arrival, service time, an integration of terminal operation process and ICD location selection. The case study of Koja Container Terminal was used to perform experimental test of the proposed method. The simulation model was constructed for one month of simulation. Level of demand and ICD capacity were factors to be tested in the model to calculate the effects of ICDs operation on the container terminal. Optimum Terminal – ICD configuration was chosen by maximizing the container cost difference of without and with ICDs. Total container cost consists of the container handling cost (discharge, transfer, lift on, lift off, custom check and storage costs) and the container time cost (waiting time and potentially demand unserved). Since the addition amount of ICDs will increase the handling cost and decrease the time cost, so, there are appropriate ICDs numbers for a certain level of demand. Experimental result of Koja container terminal showed that the optimum amount of ICDs will decrease the total container cost charged to the users for the demand level above the terminal capacity. Terminal throughput will increase but the dwell time will not reduce significantly. The optimum configuration for the condition is Terminal – ICD (Yos Sudarso) and ICD (LLRE Martadinata). Optimization based on Discrete Event Simulation can be used to obtain the optimum configuration of ICD terminal system at certain demand level and to measure the ICD effect on terminal performance, ICD and Connecting Road. Operation of the ICD will decrease the container cost but will not provide significant dwell time for terminal improvements.Increasing the container volume and the lack of land acquisition for terminal development is a problem encountered by container terminal operators in Indonesia in the last years. To maintain the high demand on terminal service, the operator uses Inland Container Depots (ICD) as one of the fastest and cheapest solutions with some limitations compared to port expansion. Capacity and location are issues that should be addressed when ICD is used as one of the capacity-solving problems. ICD operation will increase the ability of the terminal services, yet the connecting roads that are also used by non-container traffic will affect the transfer operation of containers from the terminal to ICD. The container movement from the terminal to ICD is determined by the value of Yard Occupancy Ratio (YOR). The method that integrates the decision of transferring containers from the terminal and selecting ICD locations is required to cope with this issue. Differences in cycle time equilibrium of terminal operations and co...

The road maintenance funding models in Indonesia use earmarked tax

One of the solutions to get a sustainable road maintenance fund is to separate road sector revenue from other accounts, afterward, form a specific account for road maintenance. In 2001, Antameng and the Ministry of Public Works proposed a road fund model in Indonesia. Sources of the road funds proposal was a tariff formed on the nominal total tax. The policy of road funds was proposed to finance the road network maintenance of districts and provincials. This research aims to create a policy model of road maintenance funds in Indonesia using an earmarked tax mechanism. The research method is qualitative research, with data collection techniques are triangulation. Interview methods conducted were semi-structured. Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threat from every part of the models were showen on the survey format. Respondents were representative of executives who involved directly against the financing of road maintenance. Validation model conducted by a discussion panel, it was called the Focus Grou...

MODEL SIMULASI ALUR PROSES PETI KEMAS IMPOR PADA PEMILIHAN LOKASI EXTERNAL YARD DI KAWASAN PENYANGGA PELABUHAN

Abstract Increasing container flows and lack of land development for the container terminal, cause yard sub-functions are located in the port buffer area. This condition emerges additional transportation cost and causes traffic problems on the access road. This paper deals with simulation model construction which will be used to find optimum external yard configuration location in the port buffer area. Discrete Event Simulation Model will be used to simulate import container flow processes in the port container terminal. The Objective function of the external yard location model is to minimize user transport cost and to maximize operator benefit. Jakarta International Container Terminal data is used to construct the model. Model concept is run based on the scenario assumption of 3 TPS’s and 30 day simulation period. Based on three replicants and five times running, the optimum result is 3 TPSs simultaneously operation. The model needs detail elaboration in associated to model objective function and model optimization constraint. It is required detail validation, in term of service time value, distribution pattern and arrival rate in each unit server modelled in the next step of the research. Nevertheless, the model gives unique and relatively consistent result value of each trial. It is indicated that the method can be used to solve the research objective. Keywords : simulation model, import container, location model, external yard Abstrak Peningkatan arus peti kemas dan keterbatasan lahan terminal peti kemas menyebabkan beberapa subfungsi yard ditempatkan di kawasan penyangga pelabuhan. Kondisi ini menyebabkan tambahan biaya transportasi dan permasalahan lalulintas pada jalan akses. Makalah ini berkaitan dengan pembentukan model simulasi yang akan digunakan untuk menentukan lokasi optimum beberapa external yard di kawasan penyangga pelabuhan. Model Discrete Event Simulation digunakan dalam simulasi alur proses peti kemas impor. Fungsi tujuan model adalah minimasi biaya transportasi pengguna dan maksimasi keuntungan operator. Data peti kemas Jakarta International Container Terminal (JICT) digunakan untuk menyusun model. Konsep model dijalankan berdasarkan asumsi skenario tiga TPS dan 30 hari periode simulasi. Berdasarkan tiga replikasi dan lima percobaan running model , hasil optimum adalah pengoperasian tiga TPS bersamaan. Model perlu dielaborasi lebih lanjut terkait fungsi tujuan dan batasan model optimisasi. Diperlukan validasi rinci terhadap nilai waktu pelayanan, pola distibusi, dan tingkat kedatangan unit-unit pelayanan pada langkah selanjutnya dari penelitian. Walaupun demikian, model memberikan hasil yang unik dan relatif konsisten setiap percobaan. Hal ini mengindikasikan metode dapat digunakan untuk memecahkan tujuan penelitian. Kata-kata kunci : model simulasi , peti kemas impor, model lokasi, external yard