Russ Bona Frazila

Discrete event simulation model for external yard choice of import container terminal in a port buffer area

Increasing container traffic and land acquisition problem for terminal expansion leads to usage of external yard in a port buffer area. This condition influenced the terminal performance because a road which connects the terminal and the external yard was also used by non-container traffic. Location choice problem considered to solve this condition, but the previous research has not taken account a stochastic condition of container arrival rate and service time yet. Bi-level programming framework was used to find optimum location configuration. In the lower-level, there was a problem to construct the equation, which correlated the terminal operation and the road due to different time cycle equilibrium. Container moves from the quay to a terminal gate in a daily unit of time, meanwhile, it moves from the terminal gate to the external yard through the road in a minute unit of time. If the equation formulated in hourly unit equilibrium, it cannot catch up the container movement characteristics in the termina...

Inland container depots effect for import container terminal performance at Koja container terminal, Jakarta based on optimization–simulation model

Increasing the container volume and the lack of land acquisition for terminal development is a problem encountered by container terminal operators in Indonesia in the last years. To maintain the high demand on terminal service, the operator uses Inland Container Depots (ICD) as one of the fastest and cheapest solutions with some limitations compared to port expansion. Capacity and location are issues that should be addressed when ICD is used as one of the capacity-solving problems. ICD operation will increase the ability of the terminal services, yet the connecting roads that are also used by non-container traffic will affect the transfer operation of containers from the terminal to ICD. The container movement from the terminal to ICD is determined by the value of Yard Occupancy Ratio (YOR). The method that integrates the decision of transferring containers from the terminal and selecting ICD locations is required to cope with this issue. Differences in cycle time equilibrium of terminal operations and connecting roads complicate the construction of analytical equations. Discrete Event Simulation is used to accommodate the difference of operating time cycle, a stochastic condition of arrival, service time, an integration of terminal operation process and ICD location selection. The case study of Koja Container Terminal was used to perform experimental test of the proposed method. The simulation model was constructed for one month of simulation. Level of demand and ICD capacity were factors to be tested in the model to calculate the effects of ICDs operation on the container terminal. Optimum Terminal – ICD configuration was chosen by maximizing the container cost difference of without and with ICDs. Total container cost consists of the container handling cost (discharge, transfer, lift on, lift off, custom check and storage costs) and the container time cost (waiting time and potentially demand unserved). Since the addition amount of ICDs will increase the handling cost and decrease the time cost, so, there are appropriate ICDs numbers for a certain level of demand. Experimental result of Koja container terminal showed that the optimum amount of ICDs will decrease the total container cost charged to the users for the demand level above the terminal capacity. Terminal throughput will increase but the dwell time will not reduce significantly. The optimum configuration for the condition is Terminal – ICD (Yos Sudarso) and ICD (LLRE Martadinata). Optimization based on Discrete Event Simulation can be used to obtain the optimum configuration of ICD terminal system at certain demand level and to measure the ICD effect on terminal performance, ICD and Connecting Road. Operation of the ICD will decrease the container cost but will not provide significant dwell time for terminal improvements.Increasing the container volume and the lack of land acquisition for terminal development is a problem encountered by container terminal operators in Indonesia in the last years. To maintain the high demand on terminal service, the operator uses Inland Container Depots (ICD) as one of the fastest and cheapest solutions with some limitations compared to port expansion. Capacity and location are issues that should be addressed when ICD is used as one of the capacity-solving problems. ICD operation will increase the ability of the terminal services, yet the connecting roads that are also used by non-container traffic will affect the transfer operation of containers from the terminal to ICD. The container movement from the terminal to ICD is determined by the value of Yard Occupancy Ratio (YOR). The method that integrates the decision of transferring containers from the terminal and selecting ICD locations is required to cope with this issue. Differences in cycle time equilibrium of terminal operations and co...

Developing a Probabilistic Model for Constructing Seaport Hinterland Boundaries

Seaport competitiveness has been attracting a great deal of attention. It is shaped not only by a ports performance and shipping liner calls but also by its hinterland. However, planners face a number of difficulties for identifying the boundaries of the hinterland, as these are determined by several factors, such as commodity types and final destinations, hinterland connections, inland transport costs, travel costs, and sea shipping costs. Hence, hinterland analysis is often simplified by relating it to the administrative boundaries, which do not correctly represent the actual condition of seaport demand behaviour. Furthermore, the boundaries do not behave deterministically in response to changing factors, which creates a challenge when estimating hinterland boundaries. This paper presents a deterministic model for constructing seaport hinterland boundaries, which considers hinterland connections, generalised transport cost from any point related to the transportation network. Thus, the boundaries do not necessarily coincide with the administrative region. Moreover, a model is proposed for reflecting the stochastic decisions of shippers to select a seaport, which may be utilised for approximating port demand variation. A case study is also presented for exploring the applicability of the proposed model.

A stochastic discrete optimization model for designing container terminal facilities

As uncertainty essentially affect the total transportation cost, it remains important in the container terminal that incorporates several modes and transshipments process. This paper then presents a stochastic discrete optimization model for designing the container terminal, which involves the decision of facilities improvement action. The container terminal operation model is constructed by accounting the variation of demand and facilities performance. In addition, for illustrating the conflicting issue that practically raises in the terminal operation, the model also takes into account the possible increment delay of facilities due to the increasing number of equipment, especially the container truck. Those variations expectantly reflect the uncertainty issue in the container terminal operation. A Monte Carlo simulation is invoked to propagate the variations by following the observed distribution. The problem is constructed within the framework of the combinatorial optimization problem for investigating the optimal decision of facilities improvement. A new variant of glow-worm swarm optimization (GSO) is thus proposed for solving the optimization, which is rarely explored in the transportation field. The model applicability is tested by considering the actual characteristics of the container terminal.As uncertainty essentially affect the total transportation cost, it remains important in the container terminal that incorporates several modes and transshipments process. This paper then presents a stochastic discrete optimization model for designing the container terminal, which involves the decision of facilities improvement action. The container terminal operation model is constructed by accounting the variation of demand and facilities performance. In addition, for illustrating the conflicting issue that practically raises in the terminal operation, the model also takes into account the possible increment delay of facilities due to the increasing number of equipment, especially the container truck. Those variations expectantly reflect the uncertainty issue in the container terminal operation. A Monte Carlo simulation is invoked to propagate the variations by following the observed distribution. The problem is constructed within the framework of the combinatorial optimization problem for investigating...

EFEKTIVITAS JALUR SEPEDA MOTOR PADA JALAN PERKOTAAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL SIMULASI-MIKRO

The Growth of motorcycles in Indonesia creates high proportion of motorcycles on traffic flow. This high proportion, which is very dominant, creates some traffic problems, including traffic jam dan traffic accidents. There are several methods available to solve the problems; for example providing motorcycle lane and slow lane for the movement of motorcycles. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of motorcycle lane and slow lane using microsimulation model. The results show that the microsimulation model can only be used for road sections with the average motor cycle speed less than 40 km per hour. Keywords: high proportion of motorcycle, microsimulation, motorcycle lane, slow lane