Adriana Ayres Pedroso

Diferentes fontes de proteína na dieta pré-inicial de frangos de corte

ABSTRACT - The purpose of this study was to determine the N-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (EMAn) of alternativeprotein ingredients, for newly hatched chicks, and to evaluate the effects of the utilization of these ingredients in the first week broilerfeed, on the performance and gastrointestinal tract (TGI) development. In the metabolism trial, 288 male chicks from 4 to 7 day s wereallotted to a completely randomized design with six treatments (a reference diet and five diets with inclusion of the test ingr edients) andfour replicates of 12 birds. The ingredients evaluated were: isolated soy protein (IS), dried whole eggs (OP), blood plasma (PS ), corngluten meal (GM) and dried sugar cane yeast (LS). To evaluate the performance and TGI, 624 birds were allocated in brooder batt erieswith six treatments and four replicates of 26 birds. The treatments were: 1 - corn and soybean meal diet, 2 - corn and soybean meal diet+ IS, 3 - corn and soybean meal diet + OP, 4 - corn and soybean meal diet + PS, 5 - corn and soybean meal diet + GM and 6 - cor n andsoybean meal diet + LS. The birds received the treatments only from 1 to 7 days. Birds were sampled at 1, 4 and 7 days of age i n orderto evaluate the TGI organs. The EMAn of the ingredients determined for chicks in the first week were 2,110; 5,095; 3,831; 3,374 and2,037 kcal/kg (as-fed basis) for IS, OP, PS, GM and LS, respectively. In general, the performance of the birds from 1 to 7 days was affectedby the different treatments, but this effect was not maintained up to 21 days. The different protein sources affected the TGI d evelopment,but these effects did not explain broiler performance.Key Words: broilers, gastrointestinal tract, metabolizable energy, newly hatched chick diets, performance, protein

Dietary oxidized poultry offal fat: broiler performance and oxidative stability of thigh meat during chilled storage

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary oxidized poultry offal fat on the performance of broilers and on the oxidative stability of dark chicken meat. One hundred and sixty male chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal diet containing 4% fresh or oxidized poultry fat from 10 to 47 days of age. Fresh fat was stored frozen until diets were produced, and oxidized fat was obtained by electrical heating (110 to 120 o C). Birds were slaughtered at 47 days of age, and carcass characteristics were measured. Skinless and deboned thigh meat was stored chilled during 12 days, and samples were periodically collected to assess their quality and oxidative stability. Dietary oxidized fat did not affect bird performance or carcass characteristics. During chilled storage, meat color (L*, a* and b*) was not affected by dietary treatments; however, TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) values were higher (P<0.05) in thigh meat from chickens fed the oxidized fat, indicating that oxidative stability was adversely affected.

Variabilidade espacial da comunidade bacteriana intestinal de suínos suplementados com antibióticos ou extratos herbais

This trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of antimicrobial supplementation (association of 50 ppm of colistin, 50 ppm of zinc bacitracin and 50 ppm of olaquindox) or herbal extract (based on thyme, clove and oregano at levels of 0, 700, 1,400 and 2,100 ppm) on Bacteria population of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecum of swine at 56 days old. Denaturing gradient technique in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of amplicons from 16S rDNA V3 region was used. The number of detected amplicons changed according to intestinal segment analyzed and supplementation with growth promoter. Antibiotic and herbal extract decreased diarrhea incidence. Performance of animals supplemented with increasing levels of herbal extract and antibiotic was similar. The highest level (2,100 ppm) of herbal extract showed greater values of weight gain. It was possible to determine relations among the number of amplicons observed in the four segments of intestinal tract, growth promoter, daily weight gain and diarrhea incidence. The structure of Bacteria population of the intestinal tract of swine showed higher similarity, due to the sampling site than the growth promoter.

Carboidratos na dieta pré-inicial de frangos de corte

This work was conducted to determine the N-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (EMAn) of different carbohydrate sources for broilers from 1 to 7 days, and to evaluate the utilization of these ingredients in the diet of newly hatched broilers based and on live performance and on the gastrointestinal tract (TGI) development. Total excreta collection method was used in trial one, with 220 male chicks from 4 to 7 days, allocated to batteries in a completely randomized design with five treatments (a reference diet and four diets with inclusion of 20% of the test ingredients) and four replicates of 11 birds. The ingredients evaluated were corn starch (AMI), cassava starch (AMA), glucose (GLI) and sucrose (SAC). In Trial 2, 520 day-old male chicks were allotted to a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates of 26 birds. The birds received the treatments (1 - corn and soybean meal diet, 2 - corn and soybean meal diet + AMI, 3 - corn and soybean meal diet + AMA, 4 - corn and soybean meal diet + GLI, 5 - corn and soybean meal diet + SAC) only from 1 to 7 days. From 8 to 21 days, all the birds received a standard diet. The EMAn values of the ingredients determined for broilers in the first week were 3,269; 3,690; 3,427 and 3,524 kcal/kg for AMI, AMA, GLI and SAC, respectively. In general, the results showed that the treatments did not affect the TGI development, but feed intake was improved by the more available carbohydrate sources in the newly hatched chicks diets, contributing to a higher liveweight of the birds.

Oxidação lipídica do óleo de vísceras de aves para redução de seu conteúdo de energia metabolizável para frangos de corte na fase de crescimento

In order to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and N-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of fresh and oxidized poultry fat a metabolism assay with 48 AgRoss male broilers from 31 to 34 days of age was conducted. The birds were fed a basal diet or this diet replaced by 10% of fresh or oxidized fat and the total excreta collection method was applied. The birds were housed in metabolic cages and each diet was supplied for four replicates of four birds. Fresh poultry fat was supplied by a local rendering and then stored frozen (-18oC). The oxidized poultry fat was obtained by heating (80 - 90oC) and specific absorbances were measured frequently to control fat quality. Specific absorbances at 232 and 270 nm were, respectively, 4.64 and 0.47 for fresh fat and 18.54 and 3.76 for oxidized fat, which suggest higher levels of conjugated dienes in the oxidized poultry fat. The results of AME and AMEn were 9,240 and 9,150 kcal/kg (as fed-basis) for the fresh poultry fat and 7,770 and 7,595 kcal/kg (as fed-basis) for the oxidized poultry fat. AME and AMEn values were statistically different, indicating a decrease in the energy from the fresh poultry fat to the oxidized fat due to oxidation.

Desempenho e qualidade de ovos de poedeiras de 50 a 66 semanas de idade suplementadas com probiótico

The experiment was carried out to evaluate probiotic on laying hen performance and egg quality. The probiotic was fed from pullet phase and the effects were evaluate from 50 to 66 weeks. A completely randomized experimental design with four treatments (probiotic suplementation in pullet and laying phase, probiotic suplementation only in pullet phase, probiotic suplementation only in laying phase and no suplementation), and six replicates of eight birds each was used. The rations contained 15.50 and 17.00% crude protein and 2800 and 2750kcal metabolizable energy/kg respectively in pullet and laying phases. The results of feed intake (106.53, 110.81, 107.25, 109,72g), egg production (85.20, 83.66, 79.18, 81.94%), egg weight (59.84, 60.53, 61.11, 60.33g), alimentary conversion per dz (1.50, 1.59, 1.64, 1.61), and per kg (2.09, 2.19, 2.24, 2.22), shell thickness (0.387, 0.384, 0.386, 0.381mm), shell percent (9.44, 9.43, 9.37, 9.31%), Haugh unit (92.50, 93.14, 91.34, 91.57) and specific gravity (1.0856, 1.0851, 1.0850, 1.0839) did not indicate any treatment effect (P>0.05). The utilization of Bacillus subtilis as probiotic during pullet phase, laying phase or pullet and laying phases did not improve the performance and egg quality of laying hens from 50 to 66 weeks of age.

Performance and organ morphology of broilers fed microbial or antimicrobial additives and raised in batteries or floor pens

This study was conducted to determine the effect of microbial or antimicrobial additives on the performance and organ morphology of broilers raised in batteries or in floor pens. The effect of microbial additives on the presence of oocysts in the litter was also studied. Experiments 1 and 2 consisted of four treatments (non-supplemented control diet or diet supplemented with avilamycin, bacitracin methylene disalicylate or enramycin) and six repetitions in a randomized block design. In Experiment 1, 288 day-old chicks were housed in heated batteries in a environmentally controlled room, 12 chicks per cage; in Experiment 2, 1,200 day-old chicks were housed in a curtain-sided experimental house, with concrete floor and rice hulls as litter material, 50 chicks per pen. Experiments 3 and 4 were carried out similarly to Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, but the treatments consisted of microbial additives (non-supplemented control diet or Bacillus subtilis added to the feed plus Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus johnsonii added to the water, undefined microflora added to the water or live yeast added to the feed). The antibiotics did not affect the performance of birds raised in batteries, but improved feed conversion, weight gain and live weight when chickens were kept on the floor pens. Microbial additives did not affect bird performance in any environment; however, treatments affected liver weight. Microbial agents increased intestinal weight in floor-raised broilers. No relationship was seen between the use of microbial additives and the presence of oocysts in the litter.

Determination of the energetic value of corn, soybean meal and micronized full fat soybean for newly hatched chicks

There are some evidences described in the literature showing reduced energy metabolizability of ingredients for newly hatched chicks. Hence, a metabolism trial was carried out with the objective of determining the metabolizable energy of corn grain, soybean meal and micronized full fat soybean for newly hatched chicks. The method of total excreta collection was used in an experiment with 192 male chicks from one to seven days, distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replicates of twelve birds. Excreta were collected from four to seven days of age. The treatments included a reference diet, two test-diets consisting of 60% of the reference diet and 40% of the test ingredients: corn grain (CG) and soybean meal (SM), and one test-diet consisting of 80% of the reference diet and 20% of micronized full fat soybean (MFFS). The N-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and the metabolizability coefficient of gross energy (MCGE) of the ingredients determined for the chicks were respectively 3,213 kcal/kg and 81.6% for CG; 2,085 kcal/kg and 49.7% for SM and 4,068 kcal/kg and 74.8% for MFFS.