Ahmed F. El-Kafrawy

Removal of rhodamine B (a basic dye) and thoron (an acidic dye) from dilute aqueous solutions and wastewater simulants by ion flotation

The present work deals with removal, by ion flotation, of two dyes: a basic dye (rhodamine B (RB)) and an acidic one (thoron (TH)) from dilute aqueous solutions and simulated wastewaters. These dyes are widely used for analytical and biological staining purposes. Besides, RB is commonly used in dyeing of various industrial products. Therefore, wastewaters emanating from chemical and radiochemical laboratories, and biomedical and biological research laboratories may be contaminated with RB and TH. Ion flotation of these dyes has been investigated over a wide range of pH using the anionic surfactant, sodium lauryl sulfate (NaLS) and the cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as collectors. Successful removals could be achieved for RB and TH with the anionic collector, NaLS, and the cationic collector, CTAB, respectively. In addition to the effects of pH and type of collector on the efficiency of removal of each dye, the effects of collector and dye concentrations, frother dosage, ionic strength, bubbling time period and presence of foreign salts were investigated and the optimal removal conditions have been established. Removals exceeding 99.5 % and 99.9% could be achieved for RB and TH, respectively. The results obtained are discussed with respect to dissociation of dye, type of collector, ionic strength and sign and magnitude of charge of added foreign ions. Kinetics of flotation were also studied. Further studies demonstrate that under optimum conditions the developed flotation processes can be applied for the treatment of dye-contaminated wastewaters simulated to those generated at dyeing industries and radiochemical laboratories.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Some Novel Polymeric Surfactants Based on Aromatic Amines Used as Wax Dispersant for Waxy Gas Oil

Dicarboxy methyl ethoxylated aniline and 1,3‐dicarboxy methoxy benzene were synthesized as intermediate monomers to prepare six polyester surfactants. The first three of them were obtained by polyesterification of dicarboxy methoxy ethoxylated (EO=10) aniline with polyethylene glycol (M. wt.; 400, 600, 1000). The product named as An E10 400, An E10 600, and An E10 1000. The later three was obtained by polyesterification of 1, 3 dicarboxymethoxy benzene with the same PEG at different molecular weights. The product named as; R 400, R 600, and R 1000. These polyesters were characterized by FT.ir, and GPC. These polyesters were evaluated as pour point depressants of a mixed blend of Egyptian Western desert gas oil, (PP=18oC). The obtained data showed that, the maximum reduction of pour point was obtained with An E10 1000 (ΔPP=15°C) and R 1000 (ΔPP=18°C) regarding to the two groups of polyesters respectively. Blends from these compounds were done. From the results, it was found that, the blend IV exhibit the maximum depression of pour point, (ΔPP=24°C). The photomicrographic investigation for the change of wax crystals morphology and size as the results of using the pour point dispersants was carried out after the treatment by the blends. The photomicrographic pictures showed a great modification of wax crystals was obtained as a result of dispersion of wax by the additives. The results were compared with a commercial additive at 1000 ppm. It was found that, its ΔPP=18°C. This work was extended to study the surface active properties of these polyesters at liquid/air interface. The obtained data were used to explain the discrepancy of these polyesters toward pour point depression.

Synthesis and evaluation of detergent/dispersant additives from polyisobutylene succinimides

Lube oil additives are essential for all types of lubricating oils; they are added either to give the oils new properties as detergency and oxidation stability or to improve such properties as pour point and viscosity index. They are added at varying proportions to meet the performance requirements. The present work is concerned with studying of detergent/dispersant type additives based on synthesized polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) and its aminated compounds (PIBSA) with different types of polyethylene polyamine such as ethylene diamine, diethylene Triamine, Triethylene tetramine, and tetraethylene pentamine. Different types of polyisobutylene succinimides were reacted with dodecylphenol and formaldehyde to prepare different type of Mannish bases. The efficiency of the prepared compounds as antioxidants and detergents/dispersants was investigated. It was found that compound D1 (Mannich base IV) is the best antioxidant additive for lube oil, and all the prepared compounds have excellent dispersancy power.

Surface and Thermodynamic Properties of Nonionic Surfactants Based on Rosin-Maleic Anhydride and Acrylic Acid Adducts

Ester-adduct derivatives of rosin were synthesized by reacting rosin maleic anhydride (RMA) or rosin acrylic acid (RAA) adducts with polyethylene glycol 600 (PEG600), 1000 (PEG1000) or 2000 (PEG2000) and at elevated temperature. These derivatives were evaluated for acid number, FTIR spectroscopy, molecular weight (Mw) and polydispersity. The surface properties of the prepared surfactants were determined by measuring the surface tension at different temperatures. The surface tension, critical micelle concentration, and surface activities were determined at different temperatures. Surface parameters such as surface excess concentration (Γmax), the area per molecule at interface (Amin) and the effectiveness of surface tension reduction (πCMC) were determined from the adsorption isotherms of the prepared surfactants. Some thermodynamic data for the adsorption process were calculated and are discussed.

Preparation, characterization, and evaluation of some ashless detergent/dispersant additives for lubricating engine oil

In the present work, different ashless detergent/dispersant additives were prepared via reaction of different primary amines with propylene oxide, and the products which obtained were reacted with different organic acids. The structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) for determination of molecular weight. All the prepared compounds were found to be soluble in lubricating oil. The efficiency of the prepared compounds as antioxidants and detergent/dispersant additives for lubricating oil was investigated. It was found that the additives have excellent power of dispersion, detergency, and the most efficient additives as antioxidant those prepared by using di-n-butyldithio phosphoric acid.

Synthesis and evaluation of ashless detergent/dispersant additives for lubricating engine oil

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to solve the problem of carbonaceous deposits in automotive engines by preparing different ashless detergent/dispersant additives based on propylene oxide (PO) and different amines. Carbonaceous deposits in automotive engines are the major problems associated with oil aging. Efficient detergents and dispersants have been used to solve this problem, particularly in lubricating oils. Design/methodology/approach – The structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) for determination of molecular weight. This was followed by the evaluation of the prepared compounds such as detergent/dispersant and antioxidants additives for lubricating engine oil using several techniques such as variation of viscosity ratio, change in total acid number, optical density using infrared techniques, spot method, determination of sludge and determination th...

Some Factors Affecting the Demulsification Efficiency of Modified Alkyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid in Petroleum Industry

Abstract In this work, seven new non-ionic demulsifiers using different units of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) were synthesised. The chemical structure of the prepared demulsifiers was confirmed using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and 1HNMR spectroscopy. The effect of demulsifier concentrations and water loading percentage on demulsification performance were assessed at a temperature of 45°C. Effect of (EO) content, hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) and relative solubility number (RSN) on the demulsifiers’ performance were investigated. Also, the kinematics of the demulsification process was photographed with an optical polarising microscope. The obtained results show that the maximum demulsification efficiency by L9 at concentration 800 ppm, water content 50%, 120 min and 45°C was 85%.

Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of polymeric oil sorbent for remediation of hydrocarbons spillage

ABSTRACT The preparation and evaluation of polymeric oil sorbent based on styrene acrylate ester and ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA) are the main target of this work. In this respect, poly styrene-co-p-chloromethyl styrene (PSCMS) was synthesized through radical copolymerization of p-CMS with styrene in the presence of benzoyl peroxide initiator. Then, the PSCMS was reacted with acrylic acid to produce macromonomer containing polymerizable C˭C poly {styrene-co-[4-(methyl acrylate) styrene]} (PSSMA) that subsequently copolymerized with EHA in the presence of a cross-linker to obtain the cross-linked copolymers PSSMA/EHA (organogel). The prepared compounds were characterized by using FTIR, 1H NMR, and gel permeation chromatography. The thermal properties of the cross-linked oil absorbents were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis, and the morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The oil absorbency of oil gel was determined through oil absorption tests; the highest oil absorbencies of oil gel were found to be 82.6, 74.4, 46.7, and 38.1 g/g in N,N-dimethyl formamide, CHCl3, toluene, and diesel, respectively. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Improving of Temperature Susceptibility of Asphalt 60/70 using Synthesized Reactive Rubber Nanoparticles for use in Different Climate

The use of reactive polymers as modifiers for asphalt appears promising. Asphalt penetration grade 60/70 cannot be used in coating applications for its long drying time at ordinary temperature and for its brittleness at very cold temperature. This material is very cheap as compared to blown asphalt that usually used in industrial applications. This study aims to use reactive polymers in modification of soft asphalt to produce very specific asphaltic material for use in infrastructure applications especially coating instead of highly expensive materials. The new asphaltic material is low cost and has high quality performance at low temperature. To achieve the aim of study, RRNP was used as additive to modify asphalt in percentages of 3, 5, 7 and 10% w/w. The prepared RRNP was then tested for their particles size using DLS and TEM, SEM, 1HNMR. RRNP was used to modify the thermo mechanical properties of asphalt via forming chemical bond, and the changing in mechanical and thermal properties of the mixes as well as the storage stability were studied. Also, the morphology (SEM), thermal characterization (TGA), Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), rheological tests, while, the prepared coatings were applied to carbon steel panel and tested for bending, Abarsion test and impact test were detected. Overall, the results show that the chosen modifiers are the best so far in the modification of soft asphalt to suit the industrial applications in different climate conditions.