Reem K. Farag

Poly(Cinnamoyloxy Ethyl Methacrylate-Co-Octadecyl Acrylate) as Flow Improver for Egyptian Waxy Crude Oils

The octadecyl acrylate–cinnamoyloxy ethyl methacrylate linear copolymers (CEMA-ODA) were designed to be applied as pour point depressants. The preparation scheme involved synthesis of cinnamoyloxy ethyl methacrylate (CEMA) monomer and then copolymerization with octadecyl acrylate (ODA) at different molar ratios in the feedstock. The efficiency of these copolymers to depress pour points and rheological characteristics for waxy crude oils using different concentrations of CEMA-ODA additives were studied. It was observed that the synthesized copolymers showed nonNewtonian pseudoplastic relationships at different concentrations of synthesized additives. CEMA-ODA copolymer with molar ratio 1:3 has good ability to disperse wax crystals and improve the flow behavior of tested crude oils even at temperatures below their pour points. The results showed that there is a good correlation between viscosity measurements and pour point characteristics.

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Crude Oil Dispersants Based on Ethoxylated Schiff Base

Schiff base prepared from salicylaldehyde and diethylene triamine was ethoxylated by poly (ethylene glycol) of different molecular weights, namely 200, 600, 1000 and 2000, by using β,β-dichlorodiethyl ether as a linking agent. The ethoxylation reaction took place at both ends of the base upon using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) 200 and 600, whereas at one end when PEG 1000 and 2000 were used. The chemical structure of the prepared compounds was confirmed by using IR and 1HNMR spectroscopy. Thermodynamic parameters for micellization and adsorption or the prepared compounds were measured based on the surface tension of their solutions at different temperatures. Then, the compounds under investigation were tested as oil spill dispersants according to different standard test methods. It was found that the compounds with lower molecular weights of PEG showed the best dispersancy.

Castor Oil Based Organogels: I. Synthesis, Swelling, and Network Parameters

Linear and branched polyesters were prepared by transesterification of methyl recinoleate without or with diethylene glycol, trimethylol propane or pentaerithirtol for different durations. Molecular weight of the synthesized polyesters were determined using gel permeation chromatography and hydroxyl number. Their chemical structure were characterized by FTIR. Crosslinked polyesters were prepared using different weight ratios of trimethylolpropane triacrylate in presence of benzoyl peroxide initiator. These organogels were characterized through soluble fraction and toluene sorption capacity. Swelling kinetics and network parameters including polymer solvent interaction, effective and theoretical crosslink densities, average molecular weight between crosslinks and modulus of elasticity were determined.

Swelling and Network Parameters of 1-Hexadecene-Co-Trimethylolpropane Distearate Monoacrylate Sorbers

Linear and crosslinked copolymers with different compositions of 1-hexadecene and trimethylolpropane distearate monoacrylate monomers were synthesized and evaluated for oil-absorbency application. Different concentrations of ethylene glycol diacrylate (EGDA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) crosslinkers were used. The concentration of both crosslinkers was varied from 0.5% to 2%. Copolymer compositions were determined from 1H NMR spectroscopy. Monomer reactivity ratios were calculated using Fineman-Ross and Kelen-Tudos techniques at low conversions. The oil absorbency and swelling rate constant were measured and influenced mainly by the degree of crosslinking and the hydrophobicity of copolymer units. The final equilibrium oil content, volume fraction of polymer and swelling capacity were determined at 298 K. The effective crosslinking density Ve, theoretical crosslink density Vt, the average molecular weight between the crosslinks Mc and the polymer-toluene interaction parameter χ were determined from swelling measurements. The efficiencies of EGDA and EGDMA crosslinking agents toward copolymers were determined.

Synthesis and investigation of hydrogel nanoparticles based on natural polymer for removal of lead and copper(II) ions

AbstractHydrogel nanoparticles were synthesized by graft copolymerization of acrylic acid and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) onto carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) by inverse microemulsion polymerization. Ethylene glycol dimthacrylate (EGDMA) was used as crosslinker. The structure, morphology, and size of the prepared nanogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope, respectively. The prepared nanogels were used to remove copper and lead ions from aqueous solutions. The effects of pH, time, crosslinker concentrations, temperature, and initial metal ion concentration on the metal ion removal capacity were investigated.

Preparation of Novel Toner Ink Materials Using Polymer-Wax Nanoparticles

In current toner materials, wax is mixed during toner preparation. This often results in nonuniform distribution of the wax and noncomplete phase separation. We attempt to overcome this problem by synthesis of novel toner particles wherein the wax is incorporated A core-shell structure of the toner particles is synthesized by microemulsion polymerization. The core is made up of a low Tg polymer (lauryl acrylate) entrapping macro- or micro-crystalline waxes, and the shell is made from a mixture of high Tg polymer (styrene) and adhesion enhancing ingredients (N-vinyl pyrrolidone). This design allows for an efficient use of ingredients and will prevent the phase-separation problems. The low Tg core and the high Tg shell will also improve flow ability as well as mechanical and chemical stability of particles. Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic light scatter, and x-ray diffraction are used to characterize the prepared toner particles.

Improving of Temperature Susceptibility of Asphalt 60/70 using Synthesized Reactive Rubber Nanoparticles for use in Different Climate

The use of reactive polymers as modifiers for asphalt appears promising. Asphalt penetration grade 60/70 cannot be used in coating applications for its long drying time at ordinary temperature and for its brittleness at very cold temperature. This material is very cheap as compared to blown asphalt that usually used in industrial applications. This study aims to use reactive polymers in modification of soft asphalt to produce very specific asphaltic material for use in infrastructure applications especially coating instead of highly expensive materials. The new asphaltic material is low cost and has high quality performance at low temperature. To achieve the aim of study, RRNP was used as additive to modify asphalt in percentages of 3, 5, 7 and 10% w/w. The prepared RRNP was then tested for their particles size using DLS and TEM, SEM, 1HNMR. RRNP was used to modify the thermo mechanical properties of asphalt via forming chemical bond, and the changing in mechanical and thermal properties of the mixes as well as the storage stability were studied. Also, the morphology (SEM), thermal characterization (TGA), Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), rheological tests, while, the prepared coatings were applied to carbon steel panel and tested for bending, Abarsion test and impact test were detected. Overall, the results show that the chosen modifiers are the best so far in the modification of soft asphalt to suit the industrial applications in different climate conditions.