Akihiko Yabe

Work of Adhesion of Oily Dirt and Correlation with Washability

Adhesion and removal of dirt in the detergent process is interpreted from the point of interfacial phenomena, and the energetic measure of the adhesion and removal reaction is estimated by the work of adhesion (Wa ) of each system using the dispersion and polar force components of polymers and oily dirt. Soilability and washability of oily dirt are estimated from the values of Wa, and the correlation between Wa and washability is confirmed through experiments. The limitations and applicability of this surface energy analysis to the detergency system are then discussed.

Surface Energy Analysis of the Detergency Process — Surface Tension Components of Binary Mixtures of Organic Liquids and Aqueous Solutions of Surfactants

The applicability of the surface energy analysis method to the detergency system is discussed. This method involves multicomponent washing liquids, such as binary mixtures of organic liquids and aqueous solutions of surfactants. The surface tension and its components of these mixtures and surfactant solutions, which were calculated from contact angle measurements, were not linearly proportional to the molar ratio or concentration. Oily dirt/washing liquid interfacial tensions were estimated from surface tension components. The interfacial tension tended to be overestimated compared with that observed in the systems using surface active materials. The results of a rolling-up test of oil drops suggest a correlation between the work of adhesion and washability.

Effect of Zeolite on the Dispersion Stability of Iron Oxide Particles

The mechanisms of zeolite that contribute to the dispersion stability of iron oxide were investigated. It was evident that an interaction exists between iron oxide and zeolite by the sedimentation method and absorbance measurements. Moreover, zeolite enhances the dispersion stability of iron oxide particles. This study proves that zeolite exerts an effect of increasing pH, which is one of the mechanisms that contributes to the dispersion stability of iron oxide particles.

Adhesion of Solid Particles on the Fiber Substrate. III.

A pseudo-equilibrium state was previously proposed in which a Fe2O3/fiber/dispersion medium system was comparable to a soiling system in detergency.In this study, hydrophobic ferric oxinate [iron tri (8-quinolinolate); Fe-Ox] was prepared, and adhesion-desorption was studied in a Fe-Ox/fiber/dispersion medium system during weak mechanical oscillation as in the previous paper.A typical Freundlich isotherm was also obtained in the Fe-Ox system as the Fe2O3 system.Affinity parameter values at various fiber substrates were of the following order.For the Fe-Ox/H2O system; polypropylene > polyester > nylon-6 (A) > nylon-6 (B) > diacetate > cotton.For the Fe-Ox/CCl4 system; cotton > diacetae >nylon-6 (B) > nylon-6 (A) > polypropylene>polyester.These values in hydrophilic and hydrophobic media were the reverse of those in soil deposition.The present results obtained in the model system appear applicable to the soiling system in detergency.

Detachment of Solid Particulate Soils in a Laminar Flow—Influence of Particle Diameter on the Detachment of Spherical Glass Particles

Experimental studies were made on detaching glass particles with a diameter of 4.0 ∼ 28.0 μm from a glass substrate using a double cylindrical washing device producing laminar flow. The force of particle removal was estimated from the viscosity resistance of the laminar flow imposed on the particles, and the relation between said force and the diameter of the particles was also examined. The greater the diameter of the par ticles, the more difficult their removal as given by the order of 4.0 < 28.0 < 22.2 < 17.6 < 12.8 < 7.6 μm, except in the case of 4.0 μm. The force FH ,1/2 of particle removal at 50% efficiency is shown in the ascending order of particle size, i.e., 7.6 < 4.0 < 12.8 < 17.6 < 22.2 < 28.0 μm, and its range falls in 1.17 ∼ 34.6 × 10-4 dyn. For particles with a diameter of 12.8 μm or more, the force of removal per unit volume is almost constant, i.e., 3.01 ∼ 3.49 × 10-7 dyn. The relation between the force of the particle removal and the hydrodynamic function could be graphically traced on the continuous line of locus, without exception, as the result of the calculation made in consideration of the intermolecular force acting between the particle and the sub strate.

Fluorescent Brightening from the Non-aqueous Solvent System

Dyeing behavior of three FBAs which have different water solubility, has been compared in water/PCE and water system. The FBAs are the triazinyl stilbene series of direct dye type which have different substituent groups. Purified cellophane sheetswere dyed at different dye conc., temp. and water/PCE ratios. From the water/PCE dyebath containing the same amount of FBA on the weight of fiber, the exhaustion of FBA increased as the content of water in the system decreased. FBA exhaustion from water 5%/PCE 95%(v/v) dyebath was several times higher than that from 100% aqueous solution system. Fluorescence characteristics (fluorescence intensity and quenching concentration) of the films dyed from water/PCE dyebath is identical with that from water dyebath, when the same amount of FBA was absorbed on the film. In conclusion, it is obvious that by controlling the water/PCE ratio, much higher degree of dye pick up and fluorescent brightening effect was obtained from water/PCE dyebath than 100% aqueous system.

Foaming Ability and Detergency of Saponin

I 緒 言 非 イオ ン系洗剤は洗浄性能 が よい のに もかかわ らず家 庭 洗剤 と して普及 しないのは価格、形状、包装、形態 な どのほか、低起泡性で あること もその一因 である。本報 ではサ ポニンな どを起泡剤 と して洗剤 に添加す るこ との 適否 を検討 した。サ ポニンは種 々の植物原料か ら抽 出さ れ るグ リコサイ ドの一種で、一般に水溶液は高起泡性 で 水 中油滴型エマル ジ ョンを作 り、保護 コロイ ド作用 もあ る といわれてい る。従来、単独で繊維処理や洗浄の 目的 に用い られた歴史 もあ るが、品種が多岐にわた り、 また 化学構 造が不 明の もの もあるため、洗浄力、起 泡力その 他 の物理化学特性 も明確 ではない。本報 では市販 品の粗 サ ポ ニン2種 お よび メル ク試薬 のサポニンにつ いて、 2、 3の 物理化学的性質 と洗浄 力 を調 べた。 また起 泡性 を改 善 する といわれている油状物質 としてオ レイン酸 および 流 動パ ラフィンを洗剤 に添加 した ものについ ての試験 も 併 せ行 なった。 II 実 験 1. 試 料 サ ポニンA(メ ル ク試薬)形 状 白色粉末 B 淡褐色粉末 C 褐色液状 ABS配 合洗剤(ABS25部 、 トリポ リ燐酸 ソー ダ 25部 、無水硫酸 ソー ダ50部) 非 イオ ン系配合 洗剤(ポ リオキ シエチ レンノ ニル フ ェノールエーテル、エチ レンオキサイ ド9モル付加12.5 部 、トリポ リ燐酸 ソーダ25部 、無水硫酸 ソーダ62.5部) もめん標準汚 染布(油 化学協会法汚染) ポ リエステル汚染布(同 上、150dタ フタ) オ レイ ン酸(試 薬1級)

Studies on the Solvent Dyeing of Direct Dye/Cellulose System

Direct Sky Blue FFのほか,新たにBenzo Purpurine 4B,Sirius Pink BB,Sirius Red 4Bなど十数種の代表的な直接染料をとりあげ,セルロース染色における有機溶剤併用の染色効果について,前報にひきつづいて検討した。溶剤には主としてn-ブタノール,エタノールなどを用いた。その結果いずれの染料でもエタノール併用の場合は,水:エタノールが50:50付近に染着量の極小値が見出されるのに対して,n-ブタノール併用染色では,水溶性の高い染料における顕著な染着促進効果,水溶性の低い染料の染着抑制効果が認められた。これらの結果について, 水- ブタノール2 相間の染料の分配, 染浴( 水/n-ブタノール) とそれぞれの染料構造の無機性/ 有機性の比との関係などから, 溶剤の染色性におよぼす影響を考察した。また, 水/ エタノール, 水/ n - ブタノール染浴からの染色セロファンの吸収スペクトルの変化や, 染色モメン布および染色セロハンの日光および洗タク堅ロウ度などをしらべて溶剤併用による染着状態の変化を検索した。