Akitoshi Goto

Comparative analysis of the relationship between Cs and K in soil and plant parts toward control of Cs accumulation in rice

Abstract The effect of soil exchangeable potassium (K) and cesium (Cs) levels on Cs uptake and accumulation in different parts of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants were examined using paddy soils with diverse exchangeable K and Cs in pot experiments. Aboveground Cs uptake decreased with higher exchangeable K and was linearly correlated with exchangeable Cs/K ratios, indicating competitive absorption of these elements by roots. Variation in Cs concentration in brown rice among soils was also related to the exchangeable Cs/K ratio. The exchangeable Cs/K ratio was positively reflected in the Cs/K concentration ratio in each plant part, with a specific slope, suggesting that Cs transport was coordinated with K transport and that there were regulated discriminations of Cs against K in the translocation process among parts. The Cs/K ratio was higher in brown rice and dead leaves than in active leaves, stems and husks. The distribution of Cs accumulation in brown rice was 14.5% on average, but it was variable and negatively related to K concentration in the stem. The Cs distribution in aboveground plant parts also decreased with higher K concentration in the root. These results imply the importance of the competitiveness with K in the root absorption and translocation of Cs within the plant. Based on the observed relationship between Cs and K, effective K management and other measures to control Cs accumulation in plant parts are discussed.

Exchangeable Cs/K ratio in soil is an index to estimate accumulation of radioactive and stable Cs in rice plant

Abstract Pot and field experiments were conducted to clarify the effect of soil exchangeable potassium (K) and cesium-137 (137Cs) on 137Cs accumulation and to establish soil index in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Four paddy soils in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, showing different transfer factors for radioactive Cs derived from the accident of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station in the field were compared in terms of 137Cs accumulation in rice in a pot experiment. 137Cs accumulation in shoots and brown rice widely varied among soils with the transfer factor ranging from 0.018 to 0.068 for shoots and 0.004 to 0.065 for brown rice. 137Cs concentration in brown rice and shoots tended to decrease with higher levels of soil exchangeable K, and they were more closely related to the exchangeable Cs/K ratio. Similar relationships between the Cs/K ratio and Cs accumulation in plants were obtained for the stable isotope cesium-133 (133Cs). The distributions of 137Cs and 133Cs in grains were also similar and variable among soils. The transfer factors obtained in pot experiments mostly agreed with field observations. The results imply that the exchangeable 137Cs/K can be a potential soil index to estimate 137Cs accumulation in rice.

Low-cesium rice: mutation in OsSOS2 reduces radiocesium in rice grains

In Japan, radiocesium contamination in foods has become of great concern and it is a primary issue to reduce grain radiocesium concentration in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Here, we report a low-cesium rice mutant 1 (lcs1) with the radiocesium concentration in grain about half that in the wild-type cultivar. Genetic analyses revealed that a mutation in OsSOS2, which encodes a serine/threonine-protein kinase required for the salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway in plants, is responsible for the decreased cesium (Cs) concentrations in lcs1. Physiological analyses showed that Cs+ uptake by lcs1 roots was significantly decreased under low-potassium (K+) conditions in the presence of sodium (Na+) (low K+/Na+). The transcript levels of several K+ and Na+ transporter genes, such as OsHAK1, OsHAK5, OsAKT1, and OsHKT2;1 were significantly down-regulated in lcs1 grown at low K+/Na+. The decreased Cs+ uptake in lcs1 might be closely related to the lower expression of these genes due to the K+/Na+ imbalance in the lcs1 roots caused by the OsSOS2 mutation. Since the lcs1 plant had no significant negative effects on agronomic traits when grown in radiocesium-contaminated paddy fields, this mutant could be used directly in agriculture for reducing radiocesium in rice grains.

Quantitative trait loci analysis of blast resistance in Oryza sativa L. ‘Hokuriku 193’

To investigate the genetic background responsible for blast resistance in Oryza sativa L. ‘Hokuriku 193’, QTL analysis was conducted using the F3 lines from the cross [ms-bo] Nekken 2 × Hokuriku 193 that were artificially infected with rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea). QTLs were detected on chromosomes 1, 4, 6 and 12 that correlated with greater blast resistance in the Hokuriku 193-type lines. Notably, the QTL on chromosome 12 had a major effect and localized to the same region where Pi20(t), a broad-spectrum blast resistance gene, is positioned, suggesting strongly that the blast resistance of Hokuriku 193 was controlled by Pi20(t). Also, QTL analysis of the lines found to have no Pi20(t) detected two QTLs on chromosome 4 (qBR4-1 and qBR4-2) and one QTL on chromosome 6 (qBR6), of which qBR4-2 and qBR6 correlated with higher percentages of resistant plants in the Hokuriku 193-type lines. The blast susceptibility of BR_NIL (a NIL of Hokuriku 193 from which Pi20(t) was eliminated) was greater than that of Hokuriku 193, suggesting that elimination of Pi20(t) may markedly increase blast susceptibility. The disease severity of BR_NIL was mild, which might be the effect of qBR4-2 and/or qBR6.

The Effect of High-Temperature Stress Applied to the Root on Grain Quality of Rice

Abstract We verified the effect of high-temperature stress applied to the root on the occurrence of white immature kernels (WIKs) in order to breed rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars tolerant to the high temperature during the ripening period. The plants were grown in control and warmed pools after the heading date. The WIK percentages in the warmed pool were higher than those in the control pool. This suggests that high-temperature stress applied to the root increases the occurrence of WIKs. On the other hand, the WIK percentages correlated positively and significantly with the 1000 kernel weight and kernel width, suggesting that rice cultivars with high-temperature tolerance might have a smaller and/or thinner grain.

Improvement of seed shattering and dormancy in Oryza sativa L. ‘Hokuriku 193’ based on genetic information

In this study, we investigated the genetic basis of seed shattering and dormancy in Hokuriku 193 and bred an NIL improved these traits. Analysis of an F3 population from Hokuriku 193 × Koshihikari revealed a general correspondence between seed shattering and genotypes at the qSH1 locus, suggesting a strong influence of this locus on the seed shattering in Hokuriku 193. An F2 population from [ms-bo] Nekken 2 × Hokuriku 193 was also analyzed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for seed dormancy as measured by germination rate in the first December and March after seed harvest. The results revealed a concurrence QTLs of on chromosomes 1, 3, and 6 (qSDo1, qSDo3, qSDo6). In particular, qSDo1 and qSDo6 were considered regions worthy of active modification because they were QTL regions that promoted seed dormancy when carrying Hokuriku 193 genome regions around. SSDo_NIL, a near isogenic line (NIL) derived from Hokuriku 193 by introgressing Nekken 2 alleles only at the qSH1 locus and qSDo1, did not shatter, and its germination rate was significantly higher than that of Hokuriku 193. Yield performance was similar between SSDo_NIL and Hokuriku 193, suggesting that improvement of seed shattering and dormancy does not affect yield.

A new rice variety “Nagomi-Risotto” suitable for Italian rice dish Risotto with extra-large grain

米穀安定供給確保支援機構の調査(2017)によると, 精米消費量の約 3割が家庭外,すなわち外食・中食で消 費されている.特に外食では,白飯以外の様々な料理で 提供される場合も多く,実需者からは,それぞれの料理 に合わせた業務用米への要望が高まっている.従来,業 務用米は食味の異なる複数品種のブレンド等で様々な用 途に対応していたが,主食用品種の食味の画一化が進ん だこともあり,最近は料理に合わせた品種が育成されて いる.例えば,表面の粘りは少なく硬いが,米飯全体は 柔らかく,日本人の嗜好に合ったカレー向き品種の「華 麗舞」(重宗ら 2011),粘りが少なく寿司に向く「笑みの 絆」(笹原 2012),「東北 194号(愛称「ささ結」など)」 (永野ら 2017)など,日本の米料理に適した品種が育成 されている. イタリアの米料理であるリゾットは,カレー,寿司の ように国内で日常的に食されるものではないが,イタリ ア料理の普及に伴い,各地の専門店で提供されている. リゾットは,バターなどの油脂で米を炒めた後に,熱し たブロード(ブイヨン)を加えながらアルデンテ(歯ご