Alan Rosen

Application of Cognitive‐Behavioural Family Intervention for Schizophrenia in Multidisciplinary Teams: What Can the Matter Be?

Surveyed 45 therapists who had participated in a family intervention for schizophrenia training program to examine the difficulties they had encountered, their recall of the intervention strategies, and the extent that they thought the approach had become integrated in their everyday work. Between 6 mo and 3 yrs after the family training, Ss reported the number of families they had systematically treated, and the difficulties they had encountered. Allowance of time to undertake the intervention, afterhours scheduling, and illness or holidays presented particular difficulties. Only 4% reported that their knowledge of behavioral techniques was a problem, but in a written test most therapists did not display minimum recall of the material of cognitive therapy, social skills training, or behavioral strategies. The study demonstrated significant problems in disseminating cognitive-behavioral approaches to multidisciplinary settings.

Threshold Assessment Grid (TAG): the development of a valid and brief scale to assess the severity of mental illness

Abstract  Background: Lack of consensus about the meaning of severe mental illness makes it difficult to prioritise the severely mentally ill for specialist mental health care. The goal of this study was to develop a valid and brief assessment of severity of mental illness. Method: Six search workshops (n = 57) using consensus techniques developed a draft assessment acceptable to users, carers, practitioners and policy makers. A two-round Delphi consultation (n = 58) was held to identify consensus on this instrument. Results: Search workshops agreed seven domains relevant to identifying the severely mentally ill: intentional and unintentional self-harm, risk from and to others, and survival, psychological, and social needs and disabilities. The Delphi consultation indicated at least agreement with all aspects in both rounds. Conclusions: The Threshold Assessment Grid (TAG) is a brief method of identifying the severely mentally ill, which has adequate face, concurrent, construct and content validity.

Combating psychiatric stigma: An overview of contemporary initiatives

Psychiatric stigma is the false and unjustified association of individuals who have a mental illness, their families, friends and service providers with something shameful. It is often deeply hurtful. Sometimes fanned by the media, the ever-glowing coals and brand of stigma foster hostility in the community and negative discrimination by services and employer. Stigma stirs up fears and discourages people who suspect they may have a mental illness from seeking appropriate and timely help. The following paper summarises recent initiatives to counter psychiatric stigma that are relevant to or emanate from Australia and New Zealand.

Does case management work? The evidence and the abuse of evidence-based medicine.

Objectives: This study reviews typologies of psychiatric case management and then discusses the efficacy, effectiveness and cost effectiveness of psychiatric case management, with particular focus on evidence from Australia and the UK. Subsequently, it aims to examine the way such evidence has been interpreted in the context of UK psychiatric research and services. Finally it examines the ways in which, by the selective reviewing or editorializing of evidence, case management has been brought into disrepute in the UK. Method: This study reviews literature of the recent evidence for case management, and asks three questions of case management: has it been shown to be efficacious in controlled research, is it effective in applied settings, and is it cost effective? An examination is then made of the concurrent representations of the UK evidence in both the academic literature and the media. Results: There is strong evidence for the efficacy effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of case management in psychiatry, the closer it conforms to active and assertive community treatment models. It appears, however, that studies and evidence-based reviews of case management have possibly been misused and misrepresented in a highly charged atmosphere of professional media debate. The potential for this abuse is not limited to psychiatry and remains a challenge for all evidence-based practice. Conclusion: On the evidence, assertive community treatment case management is one of the most effective interventions in psychiatry today. Despite improving the evidence base for practice (e.g. as has occurred for case-management in psychiatry), evidence-based medicine (EBM) is still susceptible to compromise and misrepresentation, due to unexamined or undeclared bias. Unless this potential for abuse is recognized and checked, EBM in psychiatry is in danger of being discredited at the hand of some of its own proponents. There is a need for more rigorous pursuit of evidence-based psychiatry, including more systematic declaration of bias in all research, whether quantitative or qualitative in design.

Assertive Community Treatment for the Seriously Mentally Ill in Suburban Sydney: A Programme Description and Evaluation

Assertive and intensive community treatment for the seriously mentally ill is becoming a widely accepted approach internationally. This type of service is, however, still relatively new in Australia and New Zealand, and it has rarely been fully integrated into a comprehensive catchment area community and hospital mental health service. This paper has two aims. Firstly, it describes an innovative assertive community mental health service in suburban Sydney. This service was initially provided to 64 clients with a serious mental illness, who had previously experienced repeated hospitalisations and were unable to benefit from existing high quality services. Secondly, it presents the results of the ongoing evaluation of this service. Following the implementation of the service, the number of psychiatric bed days occupied by these clients decreased by 62%; the number of clients admitted decreased, client functioning improved and symptom severity decreased, all to a significant degree.

Assertive Community Treatment—Issues from scientific and clinical literature with implications for practice

This review describes Assertive community treatment (ACT), an integral component of the care of persons with severe mental illness. Drawing on research from North America, Australasia, and Britain, we summarize the current evidence base for ACT and examine the trends and issues that may affect practice. Strong evidence supports the fidelity standardization, efficacy, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of ACT models in psychiatry. Yet, significant methodological problems and issues affect implementation. The evidence indicates that the ACT model is one of the most effective systematic models for organizing clinical and functional interventions in psychiatry. Effective systems based on the ACT model meet more ACT fidelity criteria; are often noncoercive; do not rely on compulsory orders; may rely on a wider range of interventions than just medication adherence, including vocational and substance abuse rehabilitation; contain other evidence-based interventions and more mobile in vivo interventions; involve individual and team case management; may involve consumers as direct service providers; and have an interdisciplinary workforce and support structure within the team, providing some protection from work-related stress or burnout.

Medical student knowledge and attitudes regarding ECT prior to and after viewing ECT scenes from movies.

We surveyed samples of medical students in the United Kingdom (U.K.) and Australia, prior to their psychiatry placement, to ascertain views about electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and the effect on those views of watching ECT scenes in movies. A 26-item questionnaire was constructed by the authors and administered to the students. At set times during the questionnaire, students were asked to view five movie clips showing, or making reference to, ECT. The clips were from Return to Oz, The Hudsucker Proxy, Ordinary People, One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, and Beverly Hillbillies. Ninety-four students participated in the study. Levels of knowledge about the indications, side effects, and mode of administration were poor, and attitudes were generally negative. Viewing the ECT scenes influenced attitudes toward the treatment; after viewing, one-third of the students decreased their support for ECT, and the proportion of students who would dissuade a family member or friend from having ECT rose from less than 10% to almost 25%.

The Australian experience of deinstitutionalization: interaction of Australian culture with the development and reform of its mental health services

Objective:  To describe the Australian experience of deinstitutionalization of the Australian National Mental Health Strategy in the context of the history of mental health services in Australia, and of Australian culture.

Interdisciplinary Teamwork and Leadership: Issues for Psychiatrists

Objective: To review the constructs and applications of interdisciplinary teams in mental health services, with a particular view to ascertaining the most effective types of teams and their leadership. Method: Some of the most challenging questions from a psychiatrists viewpoint regarding the functions of interdisciplinary teams in the mental health service are addressed. Results: The effectiveness of the interdisciplinary team in mental health services is supported by an extensive literature that is much more qualitative and descriptive than quantitative and empirically rigorous, except as part of packages of variables subjected to randomized controlled trials. Conclusion: Effective interdisciplinary teamwork in mental health services involves both retaining differentiated disciplinary roles and developing shared core tasks. It requires sound leadership, effective team management, clinical supervision and explicit mechanisms for resolving role conflicts and ensuring safe practices. No one profession should hold a monopoly on leadership.

The community psychiatrist of the future.

Purpose of review The potential contributions of the community psychiatrist are described, via the interdisciplinary team, to individuals and families dealing with mental illness, and to the communities of the future, along with the opportunities for, and barriers to, effective teamwork and community collaborations. Recent findings Health and medical training systems still provide perverse incentives deterring psychiatrists from becoming adequately trained in community psychiatry and full members of interdisciplinary teams, and skilled partners in improving the mental health of the whole community. Sources of potential role conflict should be resolved, and advantages of community collaborations, interdisciplinary leadership, support of teamwork, division of labour, cross-fertilization and hybrid vigour should be realized. Summary Truly essential and desirable roles and the skill base of community psychiatrists in interdisciplinary teams and local communities could be developed and strengthened by changes in basic and advanced psychiatric training, and by psychiatric professional bodies and training programmes placing greater emphasis and value upon the roles of a community psychiatrist.