Alejandro Brazeiro

Seabird bycatch in the Southwest Atlantic: interaction with the Uruguayan pelagic longline fishery

This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal variation and the causes of seabird bycatch by the Uruguayan pelagic longline fleet in a region of the Atlantic Ocean where the world’s highest historical rates of seabird bycatch were recorded. The study is based on data obtained by the Uruguayan Observers Program in 29 trips, conducted from 1998 to 2004, totalling about 648,000 hooks. The bird capture per unit of effort (BCPUE) for the studied period was 0.42 birds/1,000 hooks. The highest BCPUE values were recorded in the period May–November. Three zones were identified, with BCPUEs of 2.50 birds/1,000 hooks (very high); 0.78 birds/1,000 hooks (high) and 0.04 birds/1,000 hooks (low). Though these BCPUE values are lower than those historically reported, some are still high in global terms. Night setting was found to be effective in reducing seabird bycatch, but it is necessary to implement additional measures as seabirds have access to bait also by night, especially during the more luminous moon phases.

Scale-dependent patterns of macrofaunal distribution in soft-sediment intertidal habitats along a large-scale estuarine gradient

We investigated the pattern of distribution of intertidal soft-bottom fauna in streams and lagoons of the Uruguayan coast at three spatial scales. The Río de la Plata and the Atlantic Ocean produce on this coast a large-scale gradient in salinity, defining a freshwater (west), an estuarine (central) and a marine (east) region. Within each region, there are several streams and coastal lagoons (sites) that define a second scale of variability. A third scale is given by intertidal gradients within each site. Species richness and total abundance was low in the freshwater west region and high in the central and east regions. The community in the west region was characterized by the clam Curbicula fluminea; in the other regions, it was dominated mainly by the polychaete Heteromastus similis. The polychaete Nephtys fluviatilis was more abundant in the east region, while another polychaete, Laeonereis acuta, characterized the central region. Sediment fractions did not vary significantly at this scale. At the scale of the sites, species richness and total macrofaunal abundance were higher in coastal lagoons than in streams. Coarse sands were more common in coastal lagoons, while medium and fine sand characterized the sediment in streams. Within each site, species richness and total abundance increased towards the lower intertidal level; the macrofauna of the upper levels were a subsample of the fauna occurring at the lower levels. There was also a significantly lower proportion of fine sand at the upper level. At regional scales, the observed patterns may be indirectly or directly related to the gradient in salinity, through differential physiological tolerance to osmotic stress. At the scale of the sites, variability may be explained mainly by geomorphological and sedimentological differences between lagoons and streams. Variation among levels may be related to gradients in desiccation, colonization and predation.

Marine debris ingestion by albatrosses in the southwest Atlantic Ocean

Plastics and other marine debris affect wildlife through entanglement and by ingestion. We assessed the ingestion of marine debris by seven albatross species in the southwest Atlantic by analyzing stomach contents of birds killed in fisheries. Of the 128 specimens examined, including four Diomedea species (n=78) and three Thalassarche species (n=50), 21 (16.4%) contained 1-4 debris items, mainly in the ventriculus. The most common type was plastic fragments. Debris was most frequent in Diomedea species (25.6%) and, particularly, Diomedea sanfordi (38.9%) and very rare in Thalassarche species (2.0%), presumably reflecting differences in foraging behavior or distribution. Frequency of occurrence was significantly higher in male than female Diomedea albatrosses (39.3% vs. 18.0%). Although levels of accumulated debris were relatively low overall, and unlikely to result in gut blockage, associated toxins might nevertheless represent a health risk for Diomedea albatrosses, compounding the negative impact of other human activities on these threatened species.

Sexual size dimorphism, spatial segregation and sex-biased bycatch of southern and northern royal albatrosses in pelagic longline fisheries

Abstract Bycatch in longline fisheries is a major contributor to the global decline of albatrosses. Sexual segregation at sea often leads to unequal overlap with different fisheries, resulting in sex-biased bycatch, exacerbating the impact on a population level. In great albatrosses (Diomedea spp.), males (the larger sex) tend to spend more time at higher latitudes than females, attributed to competitive exclusion or differences in flight performance mediated by the pronounced sexual size dimorphism (SSD). Consequently, larger numbers of females are bycaught in pelagic longline fisheries in subtropical and temperate areas. Although this has been shown for Diomedea exulans, it has not been confirmed for all great albatross species. Here we examined the degree of SSD and developed discriminant functions to determine species and sex in D. epomophora and D. sanfordi; species that are often killed in several fisheries in the Southern Hemisphere. Based on a large sample of albatrosses bycaught off Uruguay, both species showed substantial SSD. Discriminant functions assigned species and sex to otherwise indeterminate individuals with 90–100% accuracy. Based on all birds identified (n=128), bycatch in the pelagic longline fishery was female-biased, indicating sexual segregation at sea. The discriminant functions presented enable species and sex to be identified, providing critical data for future bycatch assessments.

Climate and land-use changes effects on the distribution of a regional endemism: Melanophryniscus sanmartini (Amphibia, Bufonidae)

Los anfibios son el grupo de vertebrados mas amenazado en la actualidad segun la UICN. El cambio en el uso y cobertura del suelo (CUCS) y el cambio climatico (CC) son dos de los principales factores involucrados en el fenomeno de declinacion de anfibios. Por lo tanto, investigar sus impactos sobre especies amenazadas o raras es fundamental dado que su vulnerabilidad las convierte en prioridades de conservacion. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar conjuntamente el impacto potencial del CUCS y del CC sobre la distribucion del endemismo regional Melanophryniscus sanmartini Klappenbach, 1968. Esta especie esta categorizada como casi amenazada por UICN y estudios anteriores sugieren efectos negativos del CC en su distribucion. Utilizando modelos de maxima entropia modelamos la distribucion actual y futura (2050) de M. sanmartini, bajo dos escenarios de CC del IPCC - A2 (severo) y B2 (moderado). El efecto del CUCS fue evaluado mediante la interseccion de la distribucion modelada con el uso del suelo actual, mientras que los modelos de distribucion futura fueron evaluados bajo un escenario de maxima expansion de soja y forestacion en Uruguay. Los resultados indican que M. sanmartini se distribuye en el Este de Uruguay y Sur de Brasil, asociada a sistemas serranos y praderas. En la actualidad mas del 10% de su distribucion esta afectada por cultivos agricolas y forestales. Contrariamente a predicciones recientes, nuestros modelos indican una expansion de la especie hacia la mitad del siglo bajo ambos escenarios de CC analizados. Sin embargo, a pesar del aumento de zonas climaticamente favorables, las proyecciones de CUCS indican un aumento en la proporcion de habitats modificados en hasta un 25% de la distribucion de M. sanmartini. Si bien el cambio en las condiciones climaticas puede representar una oportunidad a futuro para M. sanmartini, seria necesario implementar medidas de manejo para mitigar los efectos de la modificacion de sus habitats, asegurar su sobrevivencia y posibilitar una eventual expansion de su distribucion.