Aleksandra Palasz

In search of uracil derivatives as bioactive agents. Uracils and fused uracils: Synthesis, biological activity and applications.

This review article is an effort to summarize recent developments in researches providing uracil derivatives with promising biological potential. This article also aims to discuss potential future directions on the development of more potent and specific uracil analogues for various biological targets. Uracils are considered as privileged structures in drug discovery with a wide array of biological activities and synthetic accessibility. Antiviral and anti-tumour are the two most widely reported activities of uracil analogues however they also possess herbicidal, insecticidal and bactericidal activities. Their antiviral potential is based on the inhibition of key step in viral replication pathway resulting in potent activities against HIV, hepatitis B and C, the herpes viruses etc. Uracil derivatives such as 5-fluorouracil or 5-chlorouracil were the first pharmacological active derivatives to be generated. Poor selectivity limits its therapeutic application, resulting in high incidences of gastrointestinal tract or central nervous toxicity. Numerous modifications of uracil structure have been performed to tackle these problems resulting in the development of derivatives exhibiting better pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties including increased bioactivity, selectivity, metabolic stability, absorption and lower toxicity. Researches of new uracils and fused uracil derivatives as bioactive agents are related with modifications of substituents at N(1), N(3), C(5) and C(6) positions of pyrimidine ring. This review is an endeavour to highlight the progress in the chemistry and biological activity of the uracils, predominately after the year 2000. In particular are presented synthetic methods and biological study for such analogues as: 5-fluorouracil or 5-chlorouracil derivatives, tegafur analogues, arabinopyranonucleosides of uracil, glucopyranonucleosides of uracil, liposidomycins, caprazamycins or tunicamycins, tritylated uridine analogues, nitro or cyano derivatives of uracil, uracil-quinazolinone, uracil-indole or uracil-isatin-conjugates, pyrimidinophanes containing one or two uracil units and nitrogen atoms in bridging polymethylene chains etc. In this review is also discussed synthesis and biological activity of fused uracils having uracil ring annulated with other heterocyclic ring.

Synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrans by hetero-Diels–Alder reactions of functionalized α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with N-vinyl-2-oxazolidinone

Cycloadditions of 3-aryl-2-benzoyl-2-propenenitriles and 3-phenylsulfonyl-3-buten-2-one to N-vinyl-2-oxazolidinone proceed regio- and diastereoselectively yielding cis and trans diastereoisomers of 4-aryl-3,4-dihydro-2-(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)-2H-pyrans in 37-65% yield. Cycloadducts cis- were the major products. Reaction of 5-arylidene-1,3-dimethylbarbituric acids with dienophile afforded mixtures of 2H-pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4(3H)-diones trans and products resulted from an elimination of 2-oxazolidinone, in 50-52% yield. To confirm the experimental results, semiempirical AM1 and PM3 calculations of frontier orbital energies have been performed.

HETERO-DIELS-ALDER REACTION OF 3-ARYL-2-BENZOYL-2-PROPENENITRILES WITH ENOL ETHERS. SYNTHESIS OF 2-ALKOXY-3,4-DIHYDRO-2H-PYRAN-5-CARBONITRILES

SummaryThe hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of 3-aryl-2-benzoyl-2-propenenitriles1a–d with enol ethers2a–c yieldscis/trans diastereoisomers of 2-alkoxy-4,6-diaryl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carbonitriles3 and4 in 79–98% yield. The similar reaction of1a–c with cyclic enol ether5 affords diastereoisomeric cycloadducts6 and7 withcis annulated pyran rings. Reaction of3 with sulfuric acid leads to 2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carbonitriles8 and9.ZusammenfassungDie Hetero-Diels-Alder-Reaktion der 3-Aryl-2-benzoyl-2-propennitrile1a–d mit den Enolethern2a–c ergibt diecis/trans-diastereomeren 2-Alkoxy-4,6-diaryl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-nitrile3 und4 in einer Ausbeute von 79–98%. Dieselbe Reaktion von1a–c mit dem cyclischen Enolether5 liefert die diastereomeren Cycloaddukte6 und7 mitcis-anellierten Pyranringen. Reaktion von3 mit Schwefelsäure führt zu den 2-Hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-nitrilen8 und9.

Intramolecular Hetero-Diels-Alder Reactions of Functionalized α, β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds: Polycyclic 2H-Pyran Derivatives

Summary. The reaction of benzoylacetonitrile, methyl cyanoacetate, and ethyl benzoylacetate with 2-allyloxy- and 2-(3-methyl-2-butenyloxy)-benzaldehyde as well as 2-(3-methyl-2-butenyloxy)-1-naphthaldehyde afforded the corresponding Knoevenagel condensation products. Some of those underwent spontaneous intramolecular cycloaddition to give cis-fused 2H-pyran derivatives as major products. One-pot reactions of 1,3-cyclohexanedione and 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione with 2-(3-methyl-2-butenyloxy)-benzaldehyde and 2-(3-methyl-2-butenyloxy)-1-naphthaldehyde resulted in Diels-Alder cycloadducts.Zusammenfassung. Reaktion von Benzoylacetonitril, Methylcyanoacetat and Ethylbenzoylacetat mit 2-Allyloxy- und 2-(3-Methyl-2-butenyloxy)-benzaldehyd sowie mit 2-(3-Methyl-2-butenyloxy)-1-naphthaldehyd ergab das entsprechende Knoevenagel-Derivat. Einige dieser letzteren Produkte unterlagen einer spontanen intramolekularen Cycloaddition zu cis-verknüpfen 2H-Pyranderivaten als Hauptprodukt. Eintopfreaktionen von 1,3-Cyclohexandion und 5,5-Dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexandion mit 2-(3-Methyl-2-butenyloxy)-benzaldehyd und 2-(3-Methyl-2-butenyloxy)-1-naphthaldehyd resultierten in Diels-Alder-Cycloaddukten.

Polycyclic 2H-Pyran Derivatives by Intramolecular Hetero-Diels-Alder Reactionsof a-Sulfur-Substituted a,b-UnsaturatedCarbonyl Compounds

Summary. Reaction of 1-(phenylsulfenyl)-, 1-(phenylsulfinyl)-, and 1-(phenylsulfonyl)-2- propanones as well as 2-(phenylsulfonyl)-acetophenone with 2-(3-methyl-2-butenyloxy)- and 2-((E)-3-phenyl-2-propenyloxy)-benzaldehydes yielded the corresponding Knoevenagel condensation products. The latter compounds underwent intramolecular cycloadditions affording cis-fused 2H-pyran derivatives as the major products.

Synthesis of functionalized 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrans by hetero —Diels-Alder reaction of an enaminoketone with enol ethers

SummaryThe hetero —Diels-Alder reaction of 3-(N-acetylbenzylamino)-2-cyano-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-one (3) with enol ethers (4) leads to diastereoisomeric cycloadducts5 and6 in good yields. The structure of the products is discussed in terms of configuration and preferred conformation. Reaction of5 with sulfuric acid yields 3-benzoyl-1,2-dihydropyridin-2-one (7).ZusammenfassungDie Hetero —Diels-Alder — Reaktion von 3-(N-Acetylbenzylamino)-2-cyano-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-on (3) mit Enolethern (4) führt in guten Ausbeuten zu den diastereomeren Cycloaddukten5 und6. Die Strukturen der Produkte werden im Zusammenhang mit ihrer Konfiguration und Vorzugskonformation diskutiert. Die Reaktion von5 mit Schwefelsäure liefert 3-Benzoyl-1,2-dihydropyridin-2-on (7).

Recent Advances in Inverse-Electron-Demand Hetero-Diels–Alder Reactions of 1-Oxa-1,3-Butadienes

This review is an endeavor to highlight the progress in the inverse-electron-demand hetero-Diels–Alder reactions of 1-oxa-1,3-butadienes in recent years. The huge number of examples of 1-oxadienes cycloadditions found in the literature clearly demonstrates the incessant importance of this transformation in pyran ring synthesis. This type of reaction is today one of the most important methods for the synthesis of dihydropyrans which are the key building blocks in structuring of carbohydrate and other natural products. Two different modes, inter- and intramolecular, of inverse-electron-demand hetero-Diels–Alder reactions of 1-oxadienes are discussed. The domino Knoevenagel hetero-Diels–Alder reactions are also described. In recent years the use of chiral Lewis acids, chiral organocatalysts, new optically active heterodienes or dienophiles have provided enormous progress in asymmetric synthesis. Solvent-free and aqueous hetero-Diels–Alder reactions of 1-oxabutadienes were also investigated. The reactivity of reactants, selectivity of cycloadditions, and chemical stability in aqueous solutions and under physiological conditions were taken into account to show the potential application of the described reactions in bioorthogonal chemistry. New bioorthogonal ligation by click inverse-electron-demand hetero-Diels–Alder cycloaddition of in situ-generated 1-oxa-1,3-butadienes and vinyl ethers was developed. It seems that some of the hetero-Diels–Alder reactions described in this review can be applied in bioorthogonal chemistry because they are selective, non-toxic, and can function in biological conditions taking into account pH, an aqueous environment, and temperature.

Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyrans by Hetero-Diels-Alder Reactions of Functionalized α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds with Styrenes

Abstract Cycloadditions of 3-aryl-2-benzoyl-2-propenenitriles 1a,b to styrene (2a) and its methyl or methoxy-substituted derivatives 2b-d proceed regio- and diastereoselectively yielding cis and trans diastereoisomers of 2,4,6-triaryl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carbonitriles 3 and 4 in 59-72% yield. Cycloadducts cis-3 were the major products. Reaction of 5-(4-nitrobenzylidene)-1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (5) with styrenes 2a-d afforded diastereoisomeric mixtures of 2H-pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4(3H)-diones cis-6 and trans-7 in 71 - 78% yield.